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Learning Definition: A relatively permanent change in behavior potential caused by experience or practice. • Different from warmup, fatigue, motivation, development Behaviorism & Environment S-R = Stimulus-Response Conditioning = Learning • Classical & Operant Other Approaches: • Cognitive • Physiological • Observational Learning Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian) Pavlov’s Studies • Gastric Responses • Discovered Learned Responses Terminology: • US = Unconditioned Stimulus • UR = Unconditioned Response • CS = Conditioned Stimulus • CR = Conditioned Response Stages of Classical Conditioning 1. Before Learning US CS 2. During Learning US + CS 3. Learned CS (alone) 4. Extinction (forgetting) CS doesn’t 5. Spontaneous Recovery CS CR after extinction 6. Stimulus Generalization CS CR UR no response UR (many times) CR CR Operant Conditioning Consequences control behavior Rewards & Punishment S-R = Stimulus-Response Reinforcement: • Strengthens behavior Punishment: • Weakens behavior Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery Discrimination Learning Basic Training Procedures Good Bad Provide Reinforcement (+) Punishment (-) Remove Punishment (-) Negative Reinforcement (+) Operant Conditioning (Continued) Shaping • Successive approximations to goal behavior Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous vs. Partial • Partial Reinforcement Schedules – Interval vs. Ratio – Fixed vs. Variable Resistance to extinction
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