Download ESChap11Atmosphere Section 2

The Atmosphere
Chapter 11 Section 2
2. Properties of the
Atmosphere
Properties of the Atmosphere – 11.2
• Describe the
various properties of
the atmosphere and
how they interact
• Explain why
atmospheric
properties change
with changes in
altitude
Earth’s atmosphere
from the ISS (360 km
above Earth)
I. Temperature
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
1. Temperature measures the average speed of
the particles of a substance
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
1. Temperature measures the average speed of
the particles of a substance
2. Heat describes a transfer of energy
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
1. Fahrenheit
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
1. Fahrenheit (based on
water)
2. Celsius (based on water)
3. Kelvin (0 is absolute)
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
C. Dew point (condensation temp.)
Temperature to which air must be cooled at
constant pressure to reach saturation
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
C. Dew point (condensation temp.)
1. This varies depending on water
content of the air
I. Temperature
A. Temperature is different from heat
B. Temperature scales
C. Dew point (condensation temp.)
1. This varies depending on water
content of the air
2. When temperature reaches dew
point, condensation can occur
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
1. Air cools as elevation increases
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
1. Air cools as elevation increases
2. Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
1. Air cools as elevation increases
2. Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m
3. If you travel high enough, the air cools
to the dew point. This is called the
lifted condensation level (LCL)
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
1. Air cools as elevation increases
2. Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m
3. If you travel high enough, the air cools
to the dew point. This is called the
lifted condensation level (LCL)
4. Moist air cools at about 6ºC / 1000 m
5. As condensation occurs, thermal
energy is released (Latent Heat)
I. Temperature
D. Vertical temperature changes
Air masses can change temperature
without being heated or cooled.
How?
Adiabatically
Compress air and it heats.
Let it expand and it cools.
II. Pressure
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
1. Pressure is force pushing down
2. Weight of atmosphere pushing
on your hand
3. Pressure is calculated by
force/area N/m2
100N/m2 = 1 millibar
Sea Level = 1000 mb
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
1. The air near the Earth’s surface is
______ than air further up
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
1. The air near the Earth’s surface is
denser than air further up
2. The higher you go, the lower the
pressure because . . .
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
1. As the temperature goes ↑, the
pressure goes ___.
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
1. As the temperature goes ↑, the
pressure goes ↑ .
2. This relationship is called a direct
relationship.
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
C. Temperature-Density relationship
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
C. Temperature-Density relationship
1. As the temperature ↑, the density goes
___ .
II. Pressure
A. Air pressure and density
B. Temperature–Pressure relationship
C. Temperature-Density relationship
1. As the temperature ↑, the density goes
_↓_ .
2. This relationship is called an inverse
relationship.
III. Temperature Inversions
III. Temperature Inversions
A. The temperature of the air
increases the higher the elevation.
III. Temperature Inversions
A. The temperature of the air
increases the higher the elevation.
B. These layers act like a lid, holding
in gases below.
IV. Wind
IV. Wind
A. Results from differences in
temperature.
IV. Wind
A. Results from differences in
temperature.
B. Warm air has a lower density and
rises causing low pressure
IV. Wind
A. Results from differences in
temperature.
B. Warm air has a lower density and
rises causing low pressure
C. Cooler air has a higher density and
falls, causing high pressure
Try drawing in wind.
V. Relative Humidity
V. Relative Humidity
A. Relative humidity depends on:
V. Relative Humidity
A. Relative humidity depends on:
1. How much moisture is in the air
V. Relative Humidity
A. Relative humidity depends on:
1. How much moisture is in the air
2. How much moisture could be in the air
Amount of moisture present
x 100
Amount of moisture possible
V. Relative Humidity
A. Relative humidity depends on:
1. How much moisture is in the air
2. How much moisture could be in the air
3. Note – warm air holds more moisture.
V. Relative Humidity
A. Relative humidity depends on:
1. How much moisture is in the air
2. How much moisture could be in the air
3. Note – warm air holds more moisture.
B. If the relative humidity is 100%
this means the atmosphere is
__________.
The End
Clouds and Precipitation- 11.3
• Explain how clouds
are formed
• Identify the basic
characteristics of
different cloud
groups
• Describe the water
cycle
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
1. Warm, moist air rises.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
1. Warm, moist air rises.
2. This air expands and cools
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
1. Warm, moist air rises.
2. This air expands and cools
3. The air reaches its dew point
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
1. Warm, moist air rises.
2. This air expands and cools
3. The air reaches its dew point
4. Water droplets condense
around condensation nuclei
Surface on which water droplets can form. Smoke
or dust particles can act as condensation nuclei
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
1. Warm, moist air rises.
2. This air expands and cools
3. The air reaches its dew point
4. Water droplets condense
around condensation nuclei
5. A cloud forms
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
1. Orographic lifting
Cloud formation as a result of wind moving air
into a mountain. This moves the air upward.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
1. Orographic lifting
2. Warm air encounters cold air
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
The ability to resist rising
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
1.
A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or
thin, layers of clouds.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
1.
A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or
thin, layers of clouds.
2.
An unstable atmosphere will have
vertical development. Thunderstorms
indicate an unstable atmosphere.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
D. Latent heat
The heat exchanged during a phase change.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
D. Latent heat
1.
Energy required to evaporate water is
stored in the water vapor.
I. Cloud Formation
A. Steps to making clouds
B. Causes for warm air to rise
C. Atmospheric stability
D. Latent heat
1.
Energy required to evaporate water is
stored in the water vapor.
2.
When the water vapor condenses this
heat is released.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
1.
Cirrus
http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm
Form high in atmosphere, made of ice
crystals, appear as thin, white, feathery clouds
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
1.
2.
Cirrus
Cumulus
Flat-based, puffy white clouds with cauliflower
appearance on top. Extends vertically several thousand ft.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
3 main
cloud
types
1.
2.
3.
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
http://www.cloudman.com/atlas/atlas.htm
Layered cloud that covers most of the sky.
Forms at low altitudes. Often gray.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrostratus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
High, thin clouds that give sky a milky white
appearance.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Delicate clouds forming in bands a ripples. These
rare clouds form when cirrus clouds degenerate.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
6.
Altostratus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Clouds of intermediate height, having blue-gray
appearance. Composed of ice crystals and water.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
6.
7.
Altostratus
Altocumulus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Have oval shapes, colored white with gray
undersides. May produce mild precipitation.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
6.
7.
8.
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Often associated with steady precipitation. Can
occur in thick, continuous layers.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
6.
7.
8.
9.
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
Stratocumulus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Can cover the sky in dark, heavy masses. Form
irregular masses close to the ground.
I. Cloud Formation
E. Types of clouds
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
Stratocumulus
Cumulonimbus
http://quest.arc.nasa.gov
Puffy, white cloud. Towering clouds that extend
upward to heights of 2-5 miles. Cause thunderstorms
II. The Water Cycle
The End