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NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 31 8β’4 Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples Student Outcomes ο§ Students know that a Pythagorean triple can be obtained by multiplying any known triple by a common whole number. Students use this method to generate Pythagorean triples. ο§ Students use a system of equations to find three numbers, π, π, and π, so that π2 + π 2 = π 2 . Lesson Notes This lesson is optional as it includes content related to the Pythagorean theorem. The purpose of this lesson is to demonstrate an application of systems of linear equations to other content in the curriculum. Though Pythagorean triples are not part of the standard for the grade, it is an interesting topic and should be shared with students if time permits. Classwork Discussion (10 minutes) ο§ A New York publicist, George Arthur Plimpton, bought a clay tablet from an archaeological dealer for $10 in 1922. This tablet was donated to Columbia University in 1936 and became known by its catalog number, Plimpton 322. What made this tablet so special was not just that it was 4,000 years old but that it showed a method for finding Pythagorean triples. It was excavated near old Babylonia, which is now Iraq. Image by Christine Proust. All rights reserved. βColumbia University Plimpton 322,β ISAW Images (Dev), accessed September 1, 2014, http://idp.atlantides.org/items/show/23. Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 484 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 31 8β’4 ο§ Any three numbers, π, π, π, that satisfy π2 + π 2 = π 2 are considered a triple, but when the three numbers are positive integers, then they are known as Pythagorean triples. It is worth mentioning that one of the Pythagorean triples found on the tablet was 12,709, 13,500, 18,541. ο§ An easy-to-remember Pythagorean triple is 3, 4, 5. (Quickly verify for students that 3, 4, 5 is a triple.) To generate another Pythagorean triple, we need only to multiply each of the numbers 3, 4, 5 by the same whole number. For example, the numbers 3, 4, 5 when each is multiplied by 2, the result is the triple 6, 8, 10. (Again, quickly verify that 6, 8, 10 is a triple.) Letβs think about why this is true in a geometric context. Shown below are the two right triangles. ο§ Discuss with your partners how the method for finding Pythagorean triples can be explained mathematically. οΊ ο§ β³ π΄β²π΅β²πΆβ² can be obtained by dilating β³ π΄π΅πΆ by a scale factor of 2. Each triangle has a right angle with corresponding sides that are equal in ratio to the same constant, 2. That is how we know that these triangles are similar. The method for finding Pythagorean triples can be directly tied to our understanding of dilation and similarity. Each triple is just a set of numbers that represent a dilation of β³ π΄π΅πΆ by a whole-number scale factor. Of course, we can also find triples by using a scale factor 0 < π < 1, but since it produces a set of numbers that are not whole numbers, they are not considered to be Pythagorean triples. For example, if π = triple using side lengths 3, 4, 5 is 0.3, 0.4, 0.5. 1 , then a 10 Exercises 1β3 (5 minutes) Students complete Exercises 1β3 independently. Allow students to use a calculator to verify that they are identifying triples. Exercises 1. Identify two Pythagorean triples using the known triple π, π, π (other than π, π, ππ). Answers will vary. Accept any triple that is a whole number multiple of π, π, π. 2. Identify two Pythagorean triples using the known triple π, ππ, ππ. Answers will vary. Accept any triple that is a whole number multiple of π, ππ, ππ. 3. Identify two triples using either π, π, π or π, ππ, ππ. Answers will vary. Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 485 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 Discussion (10 minutes) ο§ Pythagorean triples can also be explained algebraically. For example, assume π, π, π represent a Pythagorean triple. Let π be a positive integer. Then, by the Pythagorean theorem, π2 + π 2 = π 2 : (ππ)2 + (ππ)2 = π2 π2 + π2 π 2 = π2 (π2 + π 2 ) By the second law of exponents By the distributive property 2 2 By substitution (π2 + π 2 = π 2 ) =π π = (ππ)2 Our learning of systems of linear equations leads us to another method for finding Pythagorean triples, and it is actually the method that was discovered on the tablet Plimpton 322. ο§ MP.6 Consider the system of linear equations: π‘ π₯+π¦ = π { π π₯βπ¦ = π‘ where π and π‘ are positive integers and π‘ > π . Incredibly, the solution to this system results in a Pythagorean π π π π triple. When the solution is written as fractions with the same denominator, ( , ), for example, the numbers π, π, π are a Pythagorean triple. ο§ To make this simpler, letβs replace π and π‘ with 1 and 2, respectively. Then we have 2 1. { 1 π₯βπ¦= 2 π₯+π¦= ο§ Which method should we use to solve this system? Explain. οΊ ο§ We should add the equations together to eliminate the variable π¦. By the elimination method, we have π₯+π¦+π₯βπ¦ =2+ 1 2 5 2 5 π₯= . 4 2π₯ = Now we can substitute π₯ into one of the equations to find π¦. 5 +π¦=2 4 π¦=2β π¦= 5 4 3 4 5 3 4 4 Then the solution to the system is ( , ). When a solution is written as fractions with the same denominator, π π π π ( , ), for example, it represents the Pythagorean triple π, π, π. Therefore, our solution yields the triple 3, 4, 5. Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 486 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 The remaining time can be used to complete Exercises 4β7 where students practice finding triples using the system of linear equations just described or with the Discussion below, which shows the solution to the general system (without using concrete numbers for π and π‘). Exercises 4β7 (10 minutes) These exercises are to be completed in place of the Discussion. Have students complete Exercises 4β7 independently. π π+π = π to find Pythagorean triples for the given values of π and π. Recall that the solution in the form Use the system { π πβπ = π π π π π of ( , ) is the triple π, π, π. 4. π = π, π = π π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π π + π π π π ππ = + π π ππ ππ = ππ ππ π= ππ ππ π +π= ππ π π ππ π= β π ππ π π= ππ π+π+πβπ = Then the solution is ( 5. ππ π , ), and the triple is π, ππ, ππ. ππ ππ π = π, π = ππ ππ π+π = π { π πβπ = ππ ππ π + π ππ πππ ππ = ππ πππ π= πππ π+π+πβπ= Then the solution is ( Lesson 31: πππ ππ +π= πππ π ππ πππ π= β π πππ ππ π= πππ πππ ππ , ), and the triple is ππ, πππ, πππ. πππ πππ System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 487 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 π = π, π = π 6. π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π+π+πβπ =π+ ππ π +π = π π π π ππ π ππ π= π π=πβ ππ = Then the solution is ( 7. π= ππ π ππ π ππ ππ , ), and the triple is ππ, π, ππ. π π Use a calculator to verify that you found a Pythagorean triple in each of the Exercises 4β6. Show your work below. For the triple π, ππ, ππ: ππ + πππ = πππ ππ + ππππ = ππππ ππππ = ππππ For the triple ππ, πππ, πππ: πππ + ππππ = ππππ ππππ + πππππ = πππππ πππππ = πππππ For the triple ππ, π, ππ: πππ + ππ = πππ πππ + ππ = πππ πππ = πππ Discussion (10 minutes) This Discussion is optional and replaces Exercises 4β7. ο§ Now we solve the system generally. π‘ π₯+π¦= π { π π₯βπ¦= π‘ ο§ Which method should we use to solve this system? Explain. οΊ ο§ We should add the equations together to eliminate the variable π¦. By the elimination method, we have π‘ π π₯+π¦+π₯βπ¦= + π π‘ π‘ π 2π₯ = + . π π‘ Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 488 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 To add the fractions, we will need the denominators to be the same. So, we use what we know about π‘ π π‘ π equivalent fractions and multiply the first fraction by and the second fraction by : π‘ π‘ π π 2π₯ = ( ) + ( ) π π‘ π‘ π 2π₯ = π‘ 2 π 2 + π π‘ π π‘ 2π₯ = π‘ 2 + π 2 π π‘ 1 Now we multiply both sides of the equation by : 2 1 1 π‘ 2 + π 2 (2π₯) = ( ) 2 2 π π‘ π₯= π‘ 2 + π 2 2π π‘ Now that we have a value for π₯, we can solve for π¦ as usual, but it is simpler to go back to the system: π‘ π₯+π¦= π { π π₯βπ¦= π‘ It is equivalent to the system π‘ π₯ = βπ¦ π { π π₯ = +π¦ π‘ π‘ π βπ¦= +π¦ π π‘ π‘ π = + 2π¦ π π‘ π‘ π β = 2π¦, π π‘ which is very similar to what we have done before when we solved for π₯. Therefore, π¦= The solution to the system is ( π π π π π‘ 2 β π 2 . 2π π‘ π‘2+π 2 π‘2βπ 2 , ). When a solution is written as fractions with the same 2π π‘ 2π π‘ denominator, ( , ), for example, it represents the Pythagorean triple π, π, π. Therefore, our solution yields the triple π‘ 2 β π 2 , 2π π‘, π‘ 2 + π 2 . Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 489 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 Closing (5 minutes) Summarize, or ask students to summarize, the main points from the lesson: ο§ We know how to find an infinite number of Pythagorean triples: Multiply a known triple by a whole number. ο§ We know that if the numbers π, π, π are not whole numbers, they can still be considered a triple, just not a Pythagorean triple. ο§ We know how to use a system of linear equations, just like the Babylonians did 4,000 years ago, to find Pythagorean triples. Lesson Summary A Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive integers that satisfies the equation ππ + ππ = ππ. An infinite number of Pythagorean triples can be found by multiplying the numbers of a known triple by a whole number. For example, π, π, π is a Pythagorean triple. Multiply each number by π, and then you have ππ, ππ, ππ, which is also a Pythagorean triple. The system of linear equations, { π, πππ years ago. π π , can be used to find Pythagorean triples, just like the Babylonians did π πβπ = π π+π = Exit Ticket (5 minutes) Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 490 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Name 8β’4 Date Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples Exit Ticket Use a calculator to complete Problems 1β3. 15 17 1. Is 7, 20, 21 a Pythagorean triple? Is 1, 2. Identify two Pythagorean triples using the known triple 9, 40, 41. 3. π₯+π¦ = π to find Pythagorean triples for the given values of π = 2 and π‘ = 3. Recall that the Use the system { π π₯βπ¦ = 8 , 8 a Pythagorean triple? Explain. π‘ π‘ π π solution in the form of ( , ) is the triple π, π, π. Verify your results. π π Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 491 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 8β’4 Exit Ticket Sample Solutions Use a calculator to complete Problems 1β3. 1. Is π, ππ, ππ a Pythagorean triple? Is π, ππ ππ , a Pythagorean triple? Explain. π π The set of numbers π, ππ, ππ is not a Pythagorean triple because ππ + πππ β πππ . The set of numbers π, ππ ππ ππ ππ , is not a Pythagorean triple because the numbers and are not whole numbers. π π π π But they are a triple because ππ + ( 2. ππ π ππ π ) =( ) . π π Identify two Pythagorean triples using the known triple π, ππ, ππ. Answers will vary. Accept any triple that is a whole number multiple of π, ππ, ππ. π 3. π+π = π to find Pythagorean triples for the given values of π = π and π = π. Recall that the Use the system { π πβπ = π π π π π solution in the form of ( , ) is the triple π, π, π. Verify your results. π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π π + π π ππ ππ = π ππ π= ππ ππ π +π= ππ π π ππ π= β π ππ π π= ππ π+π+πβπ= Then the solution is ( ππ π , ), and the triple is π, ππ, ππ. ππ ππ ππ + πππ = πππ ππ + πππ = πππ πππ = πππ Problem Set Sample Solutions Students practice finding triples using both methods discussed in this lesson. 1. Explain in terms of similar triangles why it is that when you multiply the known Pythagorean triple π, π, π by ππ, it generates a Pythagorean triple. The triangle with lengths π, π, π is similar to the triangle with lengths ππ, ππ, ππ. They are both right triangles whose corresponding side lengths are equal to the same constant. ππ ππ ππ = = = ππ π π π Therefore, the triangles are similar, and we can say that there is a dilation from some center with scale factor π = ππ that makes the triangles congruent. Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 492 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 2. 8β’4 Identify three Pythagorean triples using the known triple π, ππ, ππ. Answers will vary. Accept any triple that is a whole number multiple of π, ππ, ππ. 3. Identify three triples (numbers that satisfy ππ + ππ = ππ, but π, π, π are not whole numbers) using the triple π, ππ, ππ. Answers will vary. Accept any triple that is not a set of whole numbers. π π+π = π to find Pythagorean triples for the given values of π and π. Recall that the solution, in the Use the system { π πβπ = form of ( 4. π π π , ), is the triple, π, π, π. π π π = π, π = π π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π π + π π ππ ππ = ππ ππ π= ππ ππ π +π= ππ π π ππ π= β π ππ ππ π= ππ π+π+πβπ = Then the solution is ( 5. ππ ππ , ), and the triple is ππ, ππ, ππ. ππ ππ π = π, π = π π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π π + π π ππ ππ = ππ ππ π= ππ π+π+πβπ= Then the solution is ( Lesson 31: ππ π +π = ππ π π ππ π= β π ππ ππ π= ππ ππ ππ , ), and the triple is ππ, ππ, ππ. ππ ππ System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 493 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 31 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM 6. 8β’4 π = π, π = π π π+π = π { π πβπ = π π π + π π ππ ππ = ππ ππ π= ππ ππ π +π= ππ π π ππ π= β π ππ π π= ππ π+π+πβπ= Then the solution is ( 7. ππ π , ), and the triple is π, ππ, ππ. ππ ππ Use a calculator to verify that you found a Pythagorean triple in each of the Problems 4β6. Show your work. For the triple ππ, ππ, ππ: πππ + πππ = πππ ππππ + ππππ = ππππ ππππ = ππππ For the triple ππ, ππ, ππ: πππ + πππ = πππ πππ + ππππ = ππππ ππππ = ππππ For the triple π, ππ, ππ: ππ + πππ = πππ ππ + πππ = πππ πππ = πππ Lesson 31: System of Equations Leading to Pythagorean Triples This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from G8-M4-TE-1.3.0-09.2015 494 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.