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Bio362(MarineBiology)
Spring2017
Dr.J.W.White
FinalExamStudyGuide
Note:thefinaliscumulative.Muchofthematerialonthisguidewasalso
coveredonExams1&2.
1.Definitions(beabletodefine&giveanexampleifappropriate)
Propertiesofwater:
Hydrogenbonds,cohesion,viscosity,pH,ruleofconstantproportionality,dynamic
similarity
Oceanography
Topographicalfeaturesofseafloor(shelf,abyssalplain,etc.),depthzones(epipelagic,
neritic,etc.).Hadleycell,Ekmantransport,pycnocline,thermocline,HNLC
Nearshoreoceanography
Waves,swell,Eulerianvs.Lagrangianmeasurementsofflow,significantwaveheight,
advectionvs.diffusion,boundarylayers(3typesat3scales)
Intertidalcommunities
Springvs.neaptide,importanttidelevels(MLW,MLLW,etc),zonation,settlementvs.
recruitment,keystonevs.diffusepredator,suspensionvs.depositfeeding,thixotropy,
meiofauna,redoxzone,bioturbation,epibenthic,epifauna,infauna,demersal,microbial
strippinghypothesis,particlesizeselectionbysuspensionfeeders
Estuaries
Estuary,flocculation,stenohalinevs.euryhaline,anadromyvscatadromy,osmoregulation
vs.osmoconformer,hypoxia,allochthonousvs.autochthonous,retentiontime,turnover
time
Saltmarshes&Mangroves
Halophilic,halophyte,accretion,subsidence,aerenchyma,pneumatophore,lenticel,prop
root
Organismsoftheepipelagic:
Plankton,nekton,holoplankton/meroplankton,homeothermy/poikilothermy,
countercurrentexchange,hyperosmotic/hypoosmotic,
autotrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic,ramfeeding/suctionfeeding,
osmoconformer/osmoregulator,planktotrophic,lecithotrophic,directdevelopment,
lateralline,ampullaeofLorenzini,otolith,echolocation
p.2
Productivity/foodwebs:
compensationpoint,saturationpoint,compensationdepth,criticaldepth,accessory
pigment,Redfieldratio,photoheterotrophy,DOC,TEP
CoralReefs
hermatypic,zooxanthellate,constructional,atoll,barrierreef,fringingreef,adaptive
bleaching,sequentialvs.simultaneoushermaphroditism,protogyny
Kelp&Seagrass
Haplodiploidlifecycle(Sporophyte/Gametophyte),epiphyte,grazinghalo
Deepwater
Blacksmoker,whitesmoker,trophosome
Polar
Antarcticconvergence,meltpond,typesofice(frazil,nilas,etc.)
Fisheries
Fishery,fisherystock,MSY,CPUE,BOFF,agestructure,LEP,CriticalReplacement
Threshold,Stock-Recruitcurve,ratcheteffect,bycatch,ITQ,TURF,MPA,“fishingtheline”
Climate/humaneffects
Greenhouseeffect,ENSO,NAO,PDO,IPCC,RCP
2.Detailstoknow
•Generaloceancirculationpatterns(majoroceangyresandcurrents)
•Typesofwaves,partsofawave,celerity,relationshipstobottomdepth
•Typesoftides(diurnal,semidiurnal,mixed),whattypeoftidesarefoundalongthecoast
ofNorthAmerica
•LocationsofrockyintertidalNorthAmerica.Differencesinrockyintertidalcommunities
betweenPacific&Atlanticcoasts
•Typicalrockyintertidalzonationpatterns:laminarianmacroalgae–mussels–barnacles–
snails
•Namesoflarvalformsofmajorintertidalinvertebratefauna(bivalves,crustaceans,
seastars)
•Majortaxaofintertidalinvertebrates&keydistinguishingtraits:bivalves,gastropods,
amphipods,isopods,decapods,cirripedes,asteroids,polychaetes
•WhyisH2Scommonintheredoxzone,andwhyarethesedimentsblack?
•Typesofpredation&strategiesusedbypredatorsinsoftsedimenthabitats;strategies
usedtoavoidpredation
•Geomorphologicalclassificationsofestuaries,majordistinguishingfeaturesofeach
•Circulation-basedclassificationofestuaries,majordistinguishingfeaturesofeach
•Factorsproducingmixinginestuaries
•Howfreshwatervs.saltwaterbonyfishosmoregulate.Hormonesaffectingchloridecell
function.Contrasttohowelasmobranchsosmoregulate
p.3
•MajorspeciesinsoutheasternUSsaltmarshes,andtheirecologicalroles:Spartina
alterniflora,Spartinapatens,Juncus,Distichlis,Salicornia,Iva
•Factorslimitingmangrovedistribution
•Functionalrolesofmangroveforests
•3majorNorthAmericanmangrovetreespecies(common&genusnameonly),
distinguishingfeatures,adaptationstomarshenvironment
•Head-downvs.head-updepositfeeders
•Majorgroupsofphytoplankton:knownames,whethertheyaremotileornot,accessory
pigments,andstorageproducts
•Toxiceffectsofdinoflagellates
•Majorgroupsofzooplankton,keydistinguishingfeatures,modesoffeeding:
Choanoflagellates,Heterokonts,Ciliates,Hydrozoans,Siphonophores,Cubozoa,Scyphozoa,
Ctenophora,Salps,Appendicularia,Copepods,Euphausia,Pteropoda,thecosomatesvs.
gymnosomates,Chaetognatha
•Copepodanatomy
•Copepodlifecycle(Nauplius,Copepodite,Adult,diapause/restingeggs.Numberofstages
isnotnecessary)
•Majorgroupsofnekton;knowanexampleofatypicalorganismineachgroupanda
distinguishingtrait.Osteichthyes,Chondricthyes,Mammalia,Odontocetes,Mysticetes,
Phocidae,Otariidae,Cheloniidae,Sphenisciformes,Procellariformes,Pelecaniformes,
Suliformes,Charadriiformes,Cephalopoda.
•Broadtaxonomyofcorals:Anthozoa,Hydrozoa,Octocorallia,Hexacorallia,Scleractinia,
whichonesarehermatypic,zooxanthellate,constructional
•Importantgrazers&coralpredatorsoncoralreefs
•Physicalrequirementsforreefs(watertemp,clarity,etc)
•Physicalrequirementsforkelp&seagrasspresence
•Majorkelpspecies(Laminaria&Macrocystis)&theirgeneralgeographicdistribution.
•Majorseagrassspecies(Zostera&Thallasia)&generalgeographicdistribution
•Anatomyofakelp&seagrassplant
•Sulfurbiochemistry:inwhattypeofreactionsissulfuraproduct(S04usedae-acceptor,
producingH2S)vs.reactant(H2SisoxidizedtoS).Wheredothosetwodifferentprocesses
occurandwhy?
•Successionalstagesinwhalefalls
•WhatmakesOsedaxwormsunique?
•Successionalstagesincoldseeps
•Dominanthydrothermalventorgansims,theirmeansoffeeding.Alvinellidworms,
Vestimentiferanworms(Riftia),Rimicaris,Yeticrabs.Whydomanyoftheseorganisms
havepinkorredgills?Whyaremanyoftheirbodieswhite?
•MainfeaturesofArctic&Antarcticoceans:shelfwidth,riverinput,packiceseasonality,
temperature-salinitypatterns&stratificationwithdepth,majorcirculationpatterns,
factorsaffecting1ºproductivity,differencesinbenthiccommunities
•Majoreffectsofoceanacidificationoncalcifyingspecies
•Factorscontributingtoglobalsealevelrise
p.4
3.Concepts(understandtheseideaswellenoughtoapplytheconcepttoanovelsituation)
•Whataretheconsequencesofhydrogenbonds?Latentheatofvaporization/fusion,heat
capacity,freezingpointdepression/boilingpointelevation
•Densityofseawater,factorsaffectingit
•Laminarvs.turbulentflow.Effectsontransport,particleencounterrate,swimming,
feeding
•Platetectonics:differencebetweenspreadingregions(oceanicridges),subductionzones,
trenches,transformfaults
•Generalpatternofatmosphericcirculation(circulationcells.Wherearelowandhigh
pressurezones?Prevailiingwindsatlatitude)
•Corioliseffect.Wheredoesitproduceupwelling?Downwelling?
•Deepwaterformation,thermohalinecirculation.Whydoesdeepwaterformwhereit
does?
•Orbitalmotionofwaves,relationshiptowaterdepth,Stokesdrift
•Velocitygradients/boundarylayers.Howdotheydevelop,whataffectstheirthickness
(relationshiptoRe).Consequencesofboundarylayersforbenthicorganisms
•Howdoorganismsrespond/adapt/takeadvantageofthepredicatiblityandtimingofthe
tides?
•Tides,factorsaffectingmagnitude,timing
•Criticaltidelevels
•Sourcesofphysicalstressintheintertidal(rocky&soft)
•Causesofzonationineachintertidalcommunity(abioticvs.biotic)
•Hypothesizedeffectsofcoastalupwellingonrecruitmentandsettlementintheintertidal
•Pre-andpost-settlementfactorsaffectingrecruitment.Howtodesignexperimentstotest
forthosefactors.
•Adaptations&strategiesusedbybivalves&gastropodsforrespiration,avoiding
dessication,movement
•Compare&contrasttheintertidalhabitatsbasedonvariousphysicalstresses,factors
(e.g.,waveenergy,sedimentgrainsize,etc)
•Compare&contrastsoftsedimenthabitatsintermsofphysicalfactors(grainsize,wave
energy)andfoodweb(e.g.,sourceofprimaryproductivity)
•Biologicaleffectsofredoxzone,effectsoforganismsonredoxzone.
•Strategiesusedbyorganismstocopewithdrag&flow
•Biologicalconsequencesofestuarinesedimentflocculation
•Whyareestuariesrelativelyspeciespoor?
•Patternsofestuarinefishhabitatuse(residentsvs.migrants).Whataretherelative
advantagesofeachstrategy?
•Strategiesthatestuarinelarvaeusetoexit&returntotheestuary
•Roleoffacilitationinsaltmarshes
•Traitmediatedeffectsofpredators
•Roleofgrazinginsaltmarshes.RoleofLittoraria
•Stokeslaw:waystoreducesinkingrateatlowRe
•Photosynthesis:patternwithdepth,criticaldepththeory&critiquesofit
•Relativelossofdifferentlightwavelengthswithdepth(exactdepthsnotnecessary,just
generalpattern)
p.5
•Phosphoruscycle.WheredoesPcomefrom,whatcausesittobelocallyabundant?
•Nitrogencycle.MajorpathwaysandformsofN.Howdoesitentermarineecosystems,
whatcausesittobelocallyabundant?
•FormsofNusedbyphytoplankton,relativeabundancevs.depthinmixedlayer
•HNLCzones,ironlimitation.
•Verticalmixing,criticaldepththeory.Two-layermodelofoceanmixing.Seasonaland
regionalvariationincriticaldepth,phytoplanktonbloom,andzooplanktonbloom.
•Majorhypothesesforthetimingofthespringbloom:Sverdrup’scriticaldepththeory,
dilution/recoupling,stratificationonset
•Diurnalverticalmigration.Explanations&evidenceforeach
•Primaryproduction:whatfactorslimititwithdepth,andindifferentregions/latitudesof
theocean
•Nektonadaptations.Buoyancy,lift,pressuredrag,swimming,visibility,feeding,salt
balance,vision,olfaction,reproduction
•Microbialloop,keyelementsintheplanktonicfoodchain
•Mainspaceholdinggroupsoncoralreefs,modesoffeeding&contributiontohabitat
(coral,sponge,algae)
•Typicalzonationofreef(reefcrest,reefflat,etc.)&typesofspeciesineachzone
*Howcancoralreefsbesoproductivedespiteoligotrophicwater?
•Examplesofantipredatoradaptationsonreefs
•Tradeoffsbetweenbrooding&broadcastspawningreproductivestrategies
•Examplesoffacilitationonreefs(whoisinvolved,howdotheybenefit?)
•Cleaner/clientrelationshipsonreefs.Howdoeseachpartycheat&behonest,howis
mutualismenforced.
•Factorsaffectingcoralbleaching&explanationsforadaptivebleaching
•Alternatestatesonreefs
•Alternatestablestatesvs.phaseshifts;hysteresis
•Basicformofkelp&seagrassfoodwebs.Importanceofgrazers/herbivores,detritus,
epifaunarelativetoeachotherandotherhabitats(e.g.,saltmarsh)
•Alternatestatesonkelpforests/barrens.Factorsleadingtoeachstate
•Explanationforlatitudinalvariationinherbivorybyfishes
•Differencesbetweenkelp&seagrass
•Howdocoralreeffishesusenearbyseagrasshabitat?(foraging,juvenilenurseries)
•Factorsstructuringcommunitiesinsoftsedimenthabitat
•Explanationsforhighdiversityindeepseabenthiccommunities
•Differencesinphysicalstructure,energysources&communitystructurebetweencold
seeps&hydrothermalvents
•Factorsproducingzonationinventcommunities
•Differentstrategiesforlarvaldispersalinventspecies
•How/whydobrineciclesform?Whateffectsdotheyhaveonthebenthos?
•Roleofkrill,salps,packice,andicealgaeinAntarcticfoodweb
•Oceanacidication:whydoesitoccur(chemically),whataresomeeffectsonorganisms?
•Relationshipbetweenfisheryeffortandfishingyield,MSY
•Growthoverfishingvsrecruitmentoverfishing
p.6
•Factorscomplicatingtraditionalstockassessments&MSYcalculations:ill-definedstock
structure,agestructure,uncertaintyinstock-recruitcurve,ratcheteffect,unevenspatial
distributionsoffish&fishers
•Shiftingbaselines
•Fishingdownvs.throughthefoodweb
•BACIPSdesign
•EffectsofElNiño/SouthernOscillationandPacificDecadalOscillationonmarine
communities
•carbon-bicarbonateequilibriumintheocean,anditsrelationshiptooceanacidification
Thingsyoushouldknowthatwerenotinlecturebutareinthebook:
Ch2:MaterialonElNiño,NorthAtlanticOscillation,PacificDecadalOscillation(pp.24-26)
Ch4:Themeaningoftemperaturelimits(pp.75-78)
Ch10:Measuringprimaryproductivity(pp229-231)
Ch13:Suspension&depositfeeding(pp288-297)
Ch14:Invasionsinintertidalcommunities(pp330-332)
Sectionsinthebooknottoworryabout:
Ingeneral,youwillnotbetestedonmaterialinthe“goingdeeper”and“hottopics”boxes.
Ch9:“Phytoplanktonsuccession...”(pp216-219)
Ch10:“Satellitecolorscanningandproductivitymodels”(pp231-233)
Ch11:Youneedtoknowthenamesofthemajorphyla(e.g.,knowthatporifera=sponges)
andthematerialinthe“Otherfeatures”blurbunderthe“Basicfacts”foreachgroup,butdo
notworryaboutadditionaldetailsinthetext.
Ch:15“Coralspecies:distinguishinggeneticdifferencesfromplasticityofform”
Ch.16:“Samplingsubtidalbenthos”
Ch.17:“Speciation,extinction,andbiogeographicfactors”
Ch.17:“Majorgradientsofspeciesdiversity”
Ch.17:“Marineinvasions”
Ch.18:“Overexploitationofwhales:acasehistory”
Ch.18:“Othertypesofdegradation”
Ch.19:youareonlyresponsiblefor“Nutrientinputandeutrophication”