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Bio362(MarineBiology) Spring2017 Dr.J.W.White FinalExamStudyGuide Note:thefinaliscumulative.Muchofthematerialonthisguidewasalso coveredonExams1&2. 1.Definitions(beabletodefine&giveanexampleifappropriate) Propertiesofwater: Hydrogenbonds,cohesion,viscosity,pH,ruleofconstantproportionality,dynamic similarity Oceanography Topographicalfeaturesofseafloor(shelf,abyssalplain,etc.),depthzones(epipelagic, neritic,etc.).Hadleycell,Ekmantransport,pycnocline,thermocline,HNLC Nearshoreoceanography Waves,swell,Eulerianvs.Lagrangianmeasurementsofflow,significantwaveheight, advectionvs.diffusion,boundarylayers(3typesat3scales) Intertidalcommunities Springvs.neaptide,importanttidelevels(MLW,MLLW,etc),zonation,settlementvs. recruitment,keystonevs.diffusepredator,suspensionvs.depositfeeding,thixotropy, meiofauna,redoxzone,bioturbation,epibenthic,epifauna,infauna,demersal,microbial strippinghypothesis,particlesizeselectionbysuspensionfeeders Estuaries Estuary,flocculation,stenohalinevs.euryhaline,anadromyvscatadromy,osmoregulation vs.osmoconformer,hypoxia,allochthonousvs.autochthonous,retentiontime,turnover time Saltmarshes&Mangroves Halophilic,halophyte,accretion,subsidence,aerenchyma,pneumatophore,lenticel,prop root Organismsoftheepipelagic: Plankton,nekton,holoplankton/meroplankton,homeothermy/poikilothermy, countercurrentexchange,hyperosmotic/hypoosmotic, autotrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic,ramfeeding/suctionfeeding, osmoconformer/osmoregulator,planktotrophic,lecithotrophic,directdevelopment, lateralline,ampullaeofLorenzini,otolith,echolocation p.2 Productivity/foodwebs: compensationpoint,saturationpoint,compensationdepth,criticaldepth,accessory pigment,Redfieldratio,photoheterotrophy,DOC,TEP CoralReefs hermatypic,zooxanthellate,constructional,atoll,barrierreef,fringingreef,adaptive bleaching,sequentialvs.simultaneoushermaphroditism,protogyny Kelp&Seagrass Haplodiploidlifecycle(Sporophyte/Gametophyte),epiphyte,grazinghalo Deepwater Blacksmoker,whitesmoker,trophosome Polar Antarcticconvergence,meltpond,typesofice(frazil,nilas,etc.) Fisheries Fishery,fisherystock,MSY,CPUE,BOFF,agestructure,LEP,CriticalReplacement Threshold,Stock-Recruitcurve,ratcheteffect,bycatch,ITQ,TURF,MPA,“fishingtheline” Climate/humaneffects Greenhouseeffect,ENSO,NAO,PDO,IPCC,RCP 2.Detailstoknow •Generaloceancirculationpatterns(majoroceangyresandcurrents) •Typesofwaves,partsofawave,celerity,relationshipstobottomdepth •Typesoftides(diurnal,semidiurnal,mixed),whattypeoftidesarefoundalongthecoast ofNorthAmerica •LocationsofrockyintertidalNorthAmerica.Differencesinrockyintertidalcommunities betweenPacific&Atlanticcoasts •Typicalrockyintertidalzonationpatterns:laminarianmacroalgae–mussels–barnacles– snails •Namesoflarvalformsofmajorintertidalinvertebratefauna(bivalves,crustaceans, seastars) •Majortaxaofintertidalinvertebrates&keydistinguishingtraits:bivalves,gastropods, amphipods,isopods,decapods,cirripedes,asteroids,polychaetes •WhyisH2Scommonintheredoxzone,andwhyarethesedimentsblack? •Typesofpredation&strategiesusedbypredatorsinsoftsedimenthabitats;strategies usedtoavoidpredation •Geomorphologicalclassificationsofestuaries,majordistinguishingfeaturesofeach •Circulation-basedclassificationofestuaries,majordistinguishingfeaturesofeach •Factorsproducingmixinginestuaries •Howfreshwatervs.saltwaterbonyfishosmoregulate.Hormonesaffectingchloridecell function.Contrasttohowelasmobranchsosmoregulate p.3 •MajorspeciesinsoutheasternUSsaltmarshes,andtheirecologicalroles:Spartina alterniflora,Spartinapatens,Juncus,Distichlis,Salicornia,Iva •Factorslimitingmangrovedistribution •Functionalrolesofmangroveforests •3majorNorthAmericanmangrovetreespecies(common&genusnameonly), distinguishingfeatures,adaptationstomarshenvironment •Head-downvs.head-updepositfeeders •Majorgroupsofphytoplankton:knownames,whethertheyaremotileornot,accessory pigments,andstorageproducts •Toxiceffectsofdinoflagellates •Majorgroupsofzooplankton,keydistinguishingfeatures,modesoffeeding: Choanoflagellates,Heterokonts,Ciliates,Hydrozoans,Siphonophores,Cubozoa,Scyphozoa, Ctenophora,Salps,Appendicularia,Copepods,Euphausia,Pteropoda,thecosomatesvs. gymnosomates,Chaetognatha •Copepodanatomy •Copepodlifecycle(Nauplius,Copepodite,Adult,diapause/restingeggs.Numberofstages isnotnecessary) •Majorgroupsofnekton;knowanexampleofatypicalorganismineachgroupanda distinguishingtrait.Osteichthyes,Chondricthyes,Mammalia,Odontocetes,Mysticetes, Phocidae,Otariidae,Cheloniidae,Sphenisciformes,Procellariformes,Pelecaniformes, Suliformes,Charadriiformes,Cephalopoda. •Broadtaxonomyofcorals:Anthozoa,Hydrozoa,Octocorallia,Hexacorallia,Scleractinia, whichonesarehermatypic,zooxanthellate,constructional •Importantgrazers&coralpredatorsoncoralreefs •Physicalrequirementsforreefs(watertemp,clarity,etc) •Physicalrequirementsforkelp&seagrasspresence •Majorkelpspecies(Laminaria&Macrocystis)&theirgeneralgeographicdistribution. •Majorseagrassspecies(Zostera&Thallasia)&generalgeographicdistribution •Anatomyofakelp&seagrassplant •Sulfurbiochemistry:inwhattypeofreactionsissulfuraproduct(S04usedae-acceptor, producingH2S)vs.reactant(H2SisoxidizedtoS).Wheredothosetwodifferentprocesses occurandwhy? •Successionalstagesinwhalefalls •WhatmakesOsedaxwormsunique? •Successionalstagesincoldseeps •Dominanthydrothermalventorgansims,theirmeansoffeeding.Alvinellidworms, Vestimentiferanworms(Riftia),Rimicaris,Yeticrabs.Whydomanyoftheseorganisms havepinkorredgills?Whyaremanyoftheirbodieswhite? •MainfeaturesofArctic&Antarcticoceans:shelfwidth,riverinput,packiceseasonality, temperature-salinitypatterns&stratificationwithdepth,majorcirculationpatterns, factorsaffecting1ºproductivity,differencesinbenthiccommunities •Majoreffectsofoceanacidificationoncalcifyingspecies •Factorscontributingtoglobalsealevelrise p.4 3.Concepts(understandtheseideaswellenoughtoapplytheconcepttoanovelsituation) •Whataretheconsequencesofhydrogenbonds?Latentheatofvaporization/fusion,heat capacity,freezingpointdepression/boilingpointelevation •Densityofseawater,factorsaffectingit •Laminarvs.turbulentflow.Effectsontransport,particleencounterrate,swimming, feeding •Platetectonics:differencebetweenspreadingregions(oceanicridges),subductionzones, trenches,transformfaults •Generalpatternofatmosphericcirculation(circulationcells.Wherearelowandhigh pressurezones?Prevailiingwindsatlatitude) •Corioliseffect.Wheredoesitproduceupwelling?Downwelling? •Deepwaterformation,thermohalinecirculation.Whydoesdeepwaterformwhereit does? •Orbitalmotionofwaves,relationshiptowaterdepth,Stokesdrift •Velocitygradients/boundarylayers.Howdotheydevelop,whataffectstheirthickness (relationshiptoRe).Consequencesofboundarylayersforbenthicorganisms •Howdoorganismsrespond/adapt/takeadvantageofthepredicatiblityandtimingofthe tides? •Tides,factorsaffectingmagnitude,timing •Criticaltidelevels •Sourcesofphysicalstressintheintertidal(rocky&soft) •Causesofzonationineachintertidalcommunity(abioticvs.biotic) •Hypothesizedeffectsofcoastalupwellingonrecruitmentandsettlementintheintertidal •Pre-andpost-settlementfactorsaffectingrecruitment.Howtodesignexperimentstotest forthosefactors. •Adaptations&strategiesusedbybivalves&gastropodsforrespiration,avoiding dessication,movement •Compare&contrasttheintertidalhabitatsbasedonvariousphysicalstresses,factors (e.g.,waveenergy,sedimentgrainsize,etc) •Compare&contrastsoftsedimenthabitatsintermsofphysicalfactors(grainsize,wave energy)andfoodweb(e.g.,sourceofprimaryproductivity) •Biologicaleffectsofredoxzone,effectsoforganismsonredoxzone. •Strategiesusedbyorganismstocopewithdrag&flow •Biologicalconsequencesofestuarinesedimentflocculation •Whyareestuariesrelativelyspeciespoor? •Patternsofestuarinefishhabitatuse(residentsvs.migrants).Whataretherelative advantagesofeachstrategy? •Strategiesthatestuarinelarvaeusetoexit&returntotheestuary •Roleoffacilitationinsaltmarshes •Traitmediatedeffectsofpredators •Roleofgrazinginsaltmarshes.RoleofLittoraria •Stokeslaw:waystoreducesinkingrateatlowRe •Photosynthesis:patternwithdepth,criticaldepththeory&critiquesofit •Relativelossofdifferentlightwavelengthswithdepth(exactdepthsnotnecessary,just generalpattern) p.5 •Phosphoruscycle.WheredoesPcomefrom,whatcausesittobelocallyabundant? •Nitrogencycle.MajorpathwaysandformsofN.Howdoesitentermarineecosystems, whatcausesittobelocallyabundant? •FormsofNusedbyphytoplankton,relativeabundancevs.depthinmixedlayer •HNLCzones,ironlimitation. •Verticalmixing,criticaldepththeory.Two-layermodelofoceanmixing.Seasonaland regionalvariationincriticaldepth,phytoplanktonbloom,andzooplanktonbloom. •Majorhypothesesforthetimingofthespringbloom:Sverdrup’scriticaldepththeory, dilution/recoupling,stratificationonset •Diurnalverticalmigration.Explanations&evidenceforeach •Primaryproduction:whatfactorslimititwithdepth,andindifferentregions/latitudesof theocean •Nektonadaptations.Buoyancy,lift,pressuredrag,swimming,visibility,feeding,salt balance,vision,olfaction,reproduction •Microbialloop,keyelementsintheplanktonicfoodchain •Mainspaceholdinggroupsoncoralreefs,modesoffeeding&contributiontohabitat (coral,sponge,algae) •Typicalzonationofreef(reefcrest,reefflat,etc.)&typesofspeciesineachzone *Howcancoralreefsbesoproductivedespiteoligotrophicwater? •Examplesofantipredatoradaptationsonreefs •Tradeoffsbetweenbrooding&broadcastspawningreproductivestrategies •Examplesoffacilitationonreefs(whoisinvolved,howdotheybenefit?) •Cleaner/clientrelationshipsonreefs.Howdoeseachpartycheat&behonest,howis mutualismenforced. •Factorsaffectingcoralbleaching&explanationsforadaptivebleaching •Alternatestatesonreefs •Alternatestablestatesvs.phaseshifts;hysteresis •Basicformofkelp&seagrassfoodwebs.Importanceofgrazers/herbivores,detritus, epifaunarelativetoeachotherandotherhabitats(e.g.,saltmarsh) •Alternatestatesonkelpforests/barrens.Factorsleadingtoeachstate •Explanationforlatitudinalvariationinherbivorybyfishes •Differencesbetweenkelp&seagrass •Howdocoralreeffishesusenearbyseagrasshabitat?(foraging,juvenilenurseries) •Factorsstructuringcommunitiesinsoftsedimenthabitat •Explanationsforhighdiversityindeepseabenthiccommunities •Differencesinphysicalstructure,energysources&communitystructurebetweencold seeps&hydrothermalvents •Factorsproducingzonationinventcommunities •Differentstrategiesforlarvaldispersalinventspecies •How/whydobrineciclesform?Whateffectsdotheyhaveonthebenthos? •Roleofkrill,salps,packice,andicealgaeinAntarcticfoodweb •Oceanacidication:whydoesitoccur(chemically),whataresomeeffectsonorganisms? •Relationshipbetweenfisheryeffortandfishingyield,MSY •Growthoverfishingvsrecruitmentoverfishing p.6 •Factorscomplicatingtraditionalstockassessments&MSYcalculations:ill-definedstock structure,agestructure,uncertaintyinstock-recruitcurve,ratcheteffect,unevenspatial distributionsoffish&fishers •Shiftingbaselines •Fishingdownvs.throughthefoodweb •BACIPSdesign •EffectsofElNiño/SouthernOscillationandPacificDecadalOscillationonmarine communities •carbon-bicarbonateequilibriumintheocean,anditsrelationshiptooceanacidification Thingsyoushouldknowthatwerenotinlecturebutareinthebook: Ch2:MaterialonElNiño,NorthAtlanticOscillation,PacificDecadalOscillation(pp.24-26) Ch4:Themeaningoftemperaturelimits(pp.75-78) Ch10:Measuringprimaryproductivity(pp229-231) Ch13:Suspension&depositfeeding(pp288-297) Ch14:Invasionsinintertidalcommunities(pp330-332) Sectionsinthebooknottoworryabout: Ingeneral,youwillnotbetestedonmaterialinthe“goingdeeper”and“hottopics”boxes. Ch9:“Phytoplanktonsuccession...”(pp216-219) Ch10:“Satellitecolorscanningandproductivitymodels”(pp231-233) Ch11:Youneedtoknowthenamesofthemajorphyla(e.g.,knowthatporifera=sponges) andthematerialinthe“Otherfeatures”blurbunderthe“Basicfacts”foreachgroup,butdo notworryaboutadditionaldetailsinthetext. Ch:15“Coralspecies:distinguishinggeneticdifferencesfromplasticityofform” Ch.16:“Samplingsubtidalbenthos” Ch.17:“Speciation,extinction,andbiogeographicfactors” Ch.17:“Majorgradientsofspeciesdiversity” Ch.17:“Marineinvasions” Ch.18:“Overexploitationofwhales:acasehistory” Ch.18:“Othertypesofdegradation” Ch.19:youareonlyresponsiblefor“Nutrientinputandeutrophication”