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Relationships: Uncertainty Reduction, Social Penetration & Social Exchange Dr. Holly Kruse Communication Theory Relationships • What is a relationship? • It’s an ongoing connection with another person that is developed and maintained through interpersonal communication. • What are examples of relationships? Uncertainty Reduction Theory • Looks at how we get we get information about strangers. • We want information because we want to know how we should act, what’s unique about someone, predict how that person will act. Uncertainty Reduction Theory • Generally, with more verbal and/or nonverbal communication and thus information, there’s less uncertainty. • And high levels of uncertainty cause us to seek more information. • See axioms in book (also online). Uncertainty Reduction Theory Strategies for getting information: • Passive: not doing anything • Active: taking action to get information, but not interacting with person. • Interactive: interacting with person. Social Penetration Theory • Idea that relationships move toward greater intimacy over time in a series of stages. • As this happens, communication changes. • Stages differ in different models. Social Penetration Theory Social Penetration Theory • Increasing self disclosure – information that isn’t public or obvious – over time. • With more intimacy, communication more informal, trusting, efficient, and unified. • Breadth & depth of disclosure… Social Penetration Theory Social Penetration Theory Problem with models: • Communication drives relationship change – not a mere byproduct. • Not all relationships meant to progress toward intimacy. • Relationships seem independent of people involved in them Social Exchange Theory Definition: “The voluntary transference of some object or activity [resources given at costs] from one person to another in return for other objects or activities [rewards]” – Roloff Social Exchange Theory • Sees relationships as process of give and take. • Concept is based in economics. Social Exchange Theory Rewards/Resources: • Love • Status • Services • Goods • Information • Money Social Exchange Theory Costs: • Investment costs • Direct costs • Opportunity costs Social Exchange Theory Types of social exchange • Direct: between two people, in which the two people benefit directly from each other • Generalized: involves more than two people; you may not receive from person to whom you give. Social ExchangeTheory Social ExchangeTheory How do we know exchange is fair? • Equality: outcomes are equal. • Equity: outputs depend on inputs. • Darwinian: outcomes depend on what you can get. • Marxist: outcomes depend on need.