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A History of Computing An Adventure in Human Inventiveness “Napier’s Bones” were moveable rods that allowed the operator to multiply, divide, and calculate square and cube roots. George Boole 1815 - 1864 Self taught mathematician who developed Boolean algebra, the basis of the digital computer circuit. The ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes and required a pair of these tubes joined in a particular manner to hold in memory a single bit of data. Generations of Computers • • • • • Early 50s First Generation Mid 1950s Second Generation Early 1960s Third Generation 1970- 1990s Fourth Generation 1990s-present Fifth Generation Early 50s First Generation • Vacuum tubes • Pioneering work on magnetic storage • Data held on tapes and drums in serial manner Mid 1950s Second Generation • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes • Conducted electricity more efficiently • Consumed less energy • Needed less space • Generated less heat • Didn’t burn out Invention of IBM 360 in 1964 began Third Generation • Integrated circuits on a chip • Magnetic disks replaced magnetic tape as storage device • Video display/keyboard replaced punched card input • Large-scale integration (LSI) put hundreds of thousands of transistors on a silicon chip • LSI led to computers in cameras, TVs and cars 1442N1 S/360 2260 1403N1 2305 2401 2803 2321 LCS IBM SYSTEM/360 1443 2821 2311 2841 1052 1072 Card reader/ punch CPU, model 30(?) Display terminal Impact printer Drum storage Tape storage Tape control unit Data cell storage Large core storage device Impact printer Control unit Disk storage DASD control unit Console typewriter Console station 1970-1990s Fourth Generation • 1970 – Intel 4004 Microprocessor used in calculators • 1974 – Intel 8080 capable of running a CPU • 1977 – Apple II and VisiCalc • 1981 – IBM PC 1990s-2000s Fifth Generation • • • • • • • Incredibly fast chips Artificial Intelligence Voice synthesizers Wireless networks Parallel processing Flat panel displays Touch screens & handwriting recognition History of Computers in Education • Before the Microcomputer – Programmed Instruction – Teaching Machines – Computer Assisted Instruction • The time of the Microcomputer – Computer Interest Groups (CIGs) – Conferences – Organizations/Magazines/Journals B.F. Skinner developed a Teaching Machine to facilitate the use of Programmed Instruction, the forerunner of computer tutorials used today Programming and Literacy • 1980s movement to teach programming – BASIC – Logo and Constructivism – Seymour Papert: Mindstorms • Computer Literacy – Ability to understand and use computers – Computer Literacy courses for future teachers Networking and the Internet • Connecting computers and peripherals to a communication system • U.S. Dept of Defense created Internet • MOSAIC navigator tool • Graphical User Interfaces • Distance Education Handheld Computing Devices • Palm Pilot and Blackberry - store and retrieve information - access files on a remote computer - download data to upload later - uses unique strokes / keyboard to input data • Cell phone + digital camera + web browser What Will They Think of Next? • Introduce yourself to a partner • Talk about the technology you use • Dream up a cool new techno device