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Sentence Structure and Grammar The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > What do employers look for in graduates? Mark Eggins Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching [email protected] 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 2 How would employers rank these? The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne Key Selection Criteria % Interpersonal and Communication Skills (written and oral) 57.5% Academic Qualifications 35.4% Work Experience 27.6% Leadership Skills 18.1% Passion/Knowledge of Industry/Drive/Commitment/Attitude Passion/Knowledge of Industry/Drive/Commitment/Attitude 15.7% Teamwork Skills Teamwork Skills 15.7% Critical Reasoning and Analytical Skills/Problem Solving/Technical Skills Critical Reasoning and Analytical Skills/Problem Solving/Technical Skills 15.0% Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence 8.7% Activities – includes both intra and extra curricular Activities – includes both intra and extra curricular 7.9% Cultural Alignment/Values Fit Cultural Alignment/Values Fit 3/08/2012 7.9% % Key Selection Criteria Interpersonal and Communication Skills (written and oral) Academic Qualifications Work Experience Leadership Skills 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 3 Tim Beaumont > 4 1 A recent exchange The University of Melbourne > hi tim r u free on friday@ 2pm?:)let e know if u r free ..i want to structure the essay outline about chinee exconomu. Tks for helping ##### A recent exchange The University of Melbourne > Dear #####, Can you write back a proper email that you’ve put some thought and care into? This sounds rude, but I won’t respond to emails such as the one you’ve just sent. ! Regards, student number #### Tim Beaumont 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 5 3/08/2012 A recent exchange The University of Melbourne Dear Tim sori. was rushed before.Are you free in tomoro afternoon?Can i an apointment with u tomoro afternoon around 2pm?i wanna discuss about my essay structure. Tks for helping Tim Beaumont 6 A recent assignment > The University of Melbourne > Internationalization is very important in building up SMEs’ competitiveness and grow in age of globalization today. SMEs internationalization is different from LSEs internationalization. Nonetheless little research is found that examine role of brand in SMEs internationalization. Most of past research, when addressing the role of brand in internationalization, focus ##### exclusively on branding from large or multinational brand. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 7 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 8 2 Sentence structure is important The University of Melbourne Outline > The University of Melbourne Poor sentence structure and grammar can: 1. Sentence Structure Review • • • • • 2. Clear Writing affect comprehension prevent you from being taken seriously suggest carelessness affect your marks reduce your employment opportunities 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont > 3. Grammatical Accuracy 9 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 10 Clauses The University of Melbourne A clause is a group of words that: Clauses > The University of Melbourne > • An independent clause must have a complete idea… “Although your injury doesn’t appear serious,…” • contains a subject & a verb. • it can be independent (they express a complete thought) Martin has two PhDs. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont Ref: ttu.edu 11 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont Ref: dreamstime.com 12 3 Clauses The University of Melbourne > because Martin has two PhDs although Martin has two PhDs when Martin has two PhDs if Martin had three PhDs Ref: theinjurylawyers.co.uk 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont The University of Melbourne 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Dependent clauses do not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone • • • • Write these words on a piece of paper 13 Because …. Although … If … Since … When … After … Until … As soon as… 3/08/2012 Now write some dependent clauses (make sure you finish with a ‘,’) The University of Melbourne 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 14 Activity One example of a dependent clause > Because …. , Although … , If … , Since … , When … , After … , Until … , As soon as… , > The University of Melbourne > 1. Because I like you, Tim Beaumont 15 Activity 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 16 Activity 4 Now read out your dependent clauses and get your classmates to finish them for you The University of Melbourne > 1. Because I like you, I want to give you a present. 2. Although … , 3. If … , 4. Since … , 5. When … , 6. After … , 7. Until … , 8. As soon as… , 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont Sentences The University of Melbourne • A sentence is a group of words which contains at least one independent clause: 1) a subject 2) a verb 3) a complete idea 4) appropriate punctuation 17 Activity 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont Sentences: four main kinds The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 18 Simple Sentences > The University of Melbourne > A simple sentence contains one independent clause. 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound/Complex 3/08/2012 > • Martin has two PhDs. 19 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 20 5 Compound Sentences Compound Sentences The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne A compound sentence combines two or more simple sentences 1. Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) These two sentences are clearly related and of equal importance • > Martin enjoyed his first PhD, but he became tired of his second. They can be connected by… 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 21 3/08/2012 Compound Sentences The University of Melbourne Complex Sentences > The University of Melbourne > The main idea is contained in the independent clause, creating an order of importance • Martin enjoyed his first PhD; however, he became tired of his second. Tim Beaumont 22 A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses 2. Other linking words (eg. in addition, however, alternatively, therefore, nevertheless, on the one hand, for example, in other words, indeed, specifically) 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont The dependent clause could serve: 23 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 24 6 Complex / Compound Sentences The University of Melbourne Complex / Compound Sentences > The University of Melbourne Complex / compound sentences contain at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause Complex / compound sentences contain at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause • Although most theorists believe the decrease will come soon, customer confidence remains strong, and most businesses have not initiated significant restructures. • Although most theorists believe the decrease will come soon, customer confidence remains strong, and most businesses have not initiated significant restructures. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 25 3/08/2012 Review The University of Melbourne Simple Sentence IC + IC Compound Sentence IC + DC Complex Sentence IC + IC + DC Complex / Compound 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 26 The future of the world economy > The University of Melbourne > Write a statement/opinion on this topic and the following signal words: – Statement/opinion – For example … – Moreover… – However… – As a result… – In conclusion IC (independent clause) DC (dependent clause) IC Tim Beaumont > 27 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 28 7 The future of the world economy The University of Melbourne – – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 3/08/2012 > Now circulate your paper to the person on your right See how long it takes your table to finish everybody's essay Statement/opinion For example … Moreover… However… As a result… In conclusion Tim Beaumont Are these sentences okay? The University of Melbourne • Moreover, the company, troubled as it had been for some time, especially in the East Asian market for the last two year period. • The firm tried advertising and to sell directly. • The research study, conducted last year, finds the respondents didn’t like the program. 29 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont Sentence Trouble Shooting The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 30 A golden rule > The University of Melbourne > Keep it simple, clear, specific and relevant • Moreover, the company, troubled as it had been for some time, especially in the East Asian market for the last two year period. (NO VERB) • The firm tried advertising and to sell directly. (NOT PARALLEL) • The research study, conducted last year, finds the respondents didn’t like the program. • (VERB TENSE PROBLEM) 3/08/2012 > If unsure about a sentence: • • • • 31 start with a subject (generally avoid ‘it’ or ‘there’) follow with a specific active verb keep it short explain your point out loud: “What I want to say is…” 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 32 8 1. Vocabulary use The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > 1. A considerable multitude of invited participants enquired about the location in which they could purchase beverages. Clear writing: 7 tips 2. Terminating employees is something done by him with great reluctance. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 33 3/08/2012 1. Vocabulary use The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 34 1. Use clear specific vocabulary > The University of Melbourne > A considerable multitude of invited participants enquired about the location in which they could purchase beverages. A considerable multitude of invited participants enquired about the location in which they could purchase beverages. Many guests asked where they could buy drinks. Many guests asked where they could buy drinks. Terminating employees is something done by him with great reluctance. Terminating employees is something done by him with great reluctance. He fires employees very reluctantly He fires employees very reluctantly 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 35 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 36 9 2. Be careful with sentence length 1. Use clear specific vocabulary The University of Melbourne > Tim Beaumont 37 3/08/2012 2. Be careful with sentence length The University of Melbourne > Once an organisation understands its customers’ needs, it must establish goals to help ensure good service delivery which are typically set in terms of employee or machine performance such as in a case in which a bank may require all its employees to conform to a dress code and that all incoming telephone calls be answered by the third ring. (Pride, Elliot, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Palandino, Ferrell, p. 258) Imagine you are writing for: • an intelligent but non-specialist audience, or • a lecturer who is tired, has just read 20 assignments, and doesn’t want to think too much • Avoid too many ‘be’, ‘do’ and ‘have’ verbs 3/08/2012 The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 38 2. Avoid very long sentences > The University of Melbourne > Once an organisation understands its customers’ needs, it must establish goals to help ensure good service delivery which are typically set in terms of employee or machine performance such as in a case in which a bank may require all its employees to conform to a dress code and that all incoming telephone calls be answered by the third ring. Once an organisation understands its customers’ needs, it must Once an organisation understands its customers’ needs, it must establish goals to help ensure good service delivery. These goals are typically set in terms of employee or machine performance. For example, a bank may require all its employees to conform to a dress code. Likewise, the bank may require that all incoming telephone calls be answered by the third ring. (Pride, Elliot, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Palandino, Ferrell, p. 258) Once an organisation understands its customers’ needs, it must establish goals to help ensure good service delivery. These goals are typically set in terms of employee or machine performance. For example, a bank may require all its employees to conform to a dress code. Likewise, the bank may require that all incoming telephone calls be answered by the third ring. (Pride, Elliot, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Palandino, Ferrell, p. 258) 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 39 establish goals to help ensure good service delivery which are typically set in terms of employee or machine performance such as in a case in which a bank may require all its employees to conform to a dress code and that all incoming telephone calls be answered by the third ring. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 40 10 3. Subject placement The University of Melbourne 3. Subject placement > The University of Melbourne 1. In his lecture on Engineering Ethics, which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre, Dr Dabke addressed why and how humans become professional. 1. In his lecture on Engineering Ethics, which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre, Dr Dabke addressed why and how humans become professional. 2. Dr Dabke addressed how and why humans became professionals in the lecture on Engineering Ethics which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre. 2. Dr Dabke addressed how and why humans became professionals in the lecture on Engineering Ethics which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 41 3/08/2012 3. Put your subject in early The University of Melbourne In his lecture on Engineering Ethics, which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre, Dr Dabke addressed why and how humans become professional. Tim Beaumont 42 4. Active/passive voice & nominalisation > The University of Melbourne > 1. It is believed by many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care is put into writing by too many students. 2. It is a belief of many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care in writing is a feature of too many students written work. Dr Dabke addressed how and why humans became professionals in the lecture on Engineering Ethics which he gave on Tuesday the 7th of June in the Chisholm Theatre. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont > 43 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 44 11 4. Active/passive voice & nominalisation The University of Melbourne > Tim Beaumont The University of Melbourne Many lecturers believe that too many students put inadequate care into their writing. 45 3/08/2012 5. Noun phrases The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 46 5. Be careful with noun phrases > The University of Melbourne 1. A measure of the distance in multidimensional space is known as Mahalanobis distance which is the distance of each observation from the mean centre of the observations. A measure of the distance in multidimensional space is known as Mahalanobis distance which is the distance of each observation from the mean centre of the observations. 2. Mahalanobis distance is a measure of observations taken and where they are taken from. To be specific, it is the distance in multidimensional space of observations. This measurement is normally taken from the mean centre of observations. Mahalanobis distance is a measure of observations taken and where they are taken from. To be specific, it is the distance in multidimensional space of observations. This measurement is normally taken from the mean centre of observations. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 47 > It is believed by many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care is put into writing by too many students. It is a belief of many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care in writing is a feature of too many students written work. 1. It is believed by many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care is put into writing by too many students. 2. It is a belief of many lecturers and tutors that inadequate care in writing is a feature of too many students written work. 3. Many lecturers believe that too many students put inadequate care into their writing. 3/08/2012 4. Active/passive voice & nominalisation 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont > 48 12 6. Pronoun use The University of Melbourne 6. Use clear pronouns > The University of Melbourne 1. His determination to succeed in a challenging competitive environment is what made Richard Branson so successful. His determination to succeed in a challenging competitive environment is what made Richard Branson so successful. 2. Richard Branson’s determination to succeed in a challenging competitive environment is what made him so successful. Richard Branson’s determination to succeed in a challenging competitive environment is what made him so successful. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 49 3/08/2012 7. Be careful with abbreviations The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 50 7. Be careful with abbreviations > The University of Melbourne In Feb, 2008, MMSP of UEB, Ian Appleton, spoke about HRM use of the MBTI. In Feb, 2008, MMSP of UEB, Ian Appleton, spoke about HRM use of the MBTI. In February, 2008, Associated Management and Marketing Senior Professor of the University of East Borneo, Ian Appleton, spoke about Human Resource Management use of the MyersBriggs Test Indicator. In February, 2008, Associated Management and Marketing Senior Professor of the University of East Borneo, Ian Appleton, spoke about Human Resource Management use of the MyersBriggs Test Indicator. Minimise use of: Acronyms (NASA, UNICEF) Initialisation (MBTI, UNSW, HRM) Shortened forms (etc., eg., ie, Assoc., Feb., Intl, Grad. Dip.) 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont > > Minimise use of: Acronyms (NASA, UNICEF) Initialisation (MBTI, UNSW, HRM) Shortened forms (etc., eg., ie, Assoc., Feb., Intl, Grad. Dip.) 51 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 52 13 Avoid clichés, jargon & redundancy The University of Melbourne Grammar > The University of Melbourne • Clichés “last but not least”, “at the end of the day”, “as everyone knows” Try to identify your grammatical problems so you can address them • Jargon “outcome-based benchmarking of best practice” 7 grammatical areas students often find difficult are: > • Redundancies “red in colour”, “predicting the future” • Colourful language “Really brilliant” 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 53 3/08/2012 Grammar The University of Melbourne 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tim Beaumont 54 1. Count nouns: two basic choices > The University of Melbourne > ‘I have pen’ Countable or Uncountable nouns Singular or plural Subject-Verb Agreement Verb Tenses Prepositions 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont ‘I have a pen’ 55 3/08/2012 ‘I have pens’ Tim Beaumont 56 14 1. Count nouns: two basic choices The University of Melbourne 1. Count nouns: two basic choices > The University of Melbourne ‘I have pen’ ‘I have a pen’ > ‘I have pen’ ‘I have pens’ 1) Article (determiner) 2) Plural ‘I have pens’ ‘I have a pen’ 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 57 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 58 1. Countable or Uncountable The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > Don’t add ‘s’ to uncountable nouns ( informations, knowledges, equipments, etc) Be careful with quantity words and articles: Many freedom An information 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 59 3/08/2012 Much freedom Information Tim Beaumont 60 15 1. Countable or Uncountable (the) The University of Melbourne > > The University of Melbourne is in Parkville. The nation with a large population near Japan is China. The companies working in Asia include IBM and NBC. University of Melbourne Nation with a large population Companies working in Asia Tim Beaumont The University of Melbourne • If you have a count or an uncountable noun and it is specific you need ‘the’: • If you have a count or an uncountable noun and it is specific you need ‘the’: 3/08/2012 1. Countable or Uncountable (the) ARTICLE + NOUN + PREPOSITION + NOUN 61 3/08/2012 2. Singular or Plural The University of Melbourne Tim Beaumont 62 3. Subject-Verb Agreement > The University of Melbourne It’s easy to forget to make nouns plural. ( Many manager…) Make sure verbs agree with subjects. • Often, you will need to decide whether to refer to nouns in your text as singular (a manager) or plural – this is often used when you are talking in general terms (managers). • He is… / They are… / She lives… > Be careful when: • If you are refer to ‘a manager’, don’t start talking about ‘managers’. • Remember too that you can say: – the manager – the managers 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 63 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 64 16 3. Subject-Verb Agreement The University of Melbourne 3. Subject-Verb Agreement > The University of Melbourne The verb has a long modifying phrase following the subject • The text about the marketing strategies of 10 leading Australian companies is/are useful. The verb has long modifying phrase which follows the subject • The text about the marketing strategies of 10 leading Australian companies is useful. Words that indicate quantity • Each one of the employees is/are satisfied. • The number of people in support is/are 15. • A number of people was/were unhappy. • One of the managers do not/does not agree with the proposal. Words that indicate quantity are used • Each one of the employees is satisfied. • The number of people in support is 15. • A number of people were unhappy. • One of the managers doesn’t agree with the proposal. Uncountable nouns are subjects • The audience was/were supportive. Uncountable nouns are subjects • The audience was supportive. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 65 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 4. Verb Tenses The University of Melbourne • Be consistent with tenses in your writing. • Don’t shift unnecessarily between tenses in a paragraph. • When changing tenses in a paragraph, use ‘signalling words’ or time phrases eg. since then, currently, now, in the past etc Tim Beaumont 66 4. Verb Tenses > The University of Melbourne > • Past: Something that has happened, it is OVER. • Present Perfect: • Something that happened but is STILL important to the present • something that started in the past and is still continuing. • Present: Something happening now or a ‘common truth’ • Future: predictions The English tense system is complicated and very different to tense systems in other languages. 3/08/2012 > 67 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 68 17 5. Prepositions The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > Can be difficult! I have locked on an appointment by the Manager in 9.00 at the morning on the 22nd to discuss about my upcoming presentation with the clients. I have locked in an appointment with the Manager at 9.00 on the morning of the 22nd to discuss my upcoming presentation to the clients. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 69 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 70 5. Prepositions: A hint The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > • __ 2011, __ Monday August 1 __ 11am I will meet you __ the café. • In 2011, on Monday August 1 at 11am I will meet you at the café. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 71 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 72 18 Editing and Proofreading The University of Melbourne Need More Help? > The University of Melbourne Check: Consult Academic Writing Books, particularly: • • • • • • • • • Writing Academic English (Longman) • The Essentials of English (Longman) • Some IELTS texts grammar text structure paragraph structure Spelling vocabulary punctuation font layout Use CELT Services, particularly: • Individual Consultations • Helpsheets • GEP Always edit and proofread your work carefully! 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 73 The University of Melbourne 3/08/2012 > Tim Beaumont 75 3/08/2012 > Tim Beaumont 74 The University of Melbourne 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont > 76 19 Acknowledgement The University of Melbourne > The University of Melbourne > Some of the material featured in this presentation has been adapted from slides prepared by Dr. Martin Davies and Chi Baik. 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 77 3/08/2012 Tim Beaumont 78 20