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The Basics Biomechanics of the Upper Extremity Upper extremity includes: Trunk Head Neck K. Renee Thiebaud, PhD, PT The Orthopedic Store Physical Therapy Shoulders Arms Wrist Hands Trunk – Head - Neck Structure of the Shoulder Sternoclavicular joint: modified ball & socket Acromioclavicular joint: irregular joint Coracoclavicular joint: syndesmosis Glenohumeral joint: ball & socket Scapulothoracic joint: articulation between the anterior scapula & thoracic wall www.denverfitnessjournal.com Shoulder Complex Movements Scapulohumeral rhythm Glenohumeral joint: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Humerus: internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction Structure of the Elbow Humeroulnar joint: hinge joint Humeroradial joint: gliding joint Radioulnar joints: Proximal & distal radioulnar: pivot joints Middle radioulnar joint: syndesmosis This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute. Elbow Movements Structure of the Wrist Elbow: flexion, extension, pronation, supination Radiocarpal joints: condyloid articulation between the radius and 3 carpal bones (lunate, scaphoid, triquetrum) Retinacula www.handsport.us Wrist Movements Wrist flexion and extension Radial and ulnar deviation Structure of the Hand Carpometacarpal joints Thumb: sliding joint Others: gliding joints Intermetacarpal joints: irregular Metacarpophalageal joints: condyloid joints Interphalangeal joints: hinge joints Hand Movements Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, opposition Joint Motion Five (5) qualities of joint motion Joint play range of motion Passive range of motion End feel – elastic barrier of resistance Paraphysiologic movement – small amount of movement past the elastic barrier Active www.trubalcava.com This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. 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Joint Motion (continued) Concave – Convex Rule Paraphysiologic movement occurs postcavitation Movement beyond the paraphysiologic barrier takes a joint beyond its anatomic integrity and into the pathologic zone of movement which causes damage to the joint structure Concave moves on convex: roll and slide occur in the same direction Convex moves on concave: roll and slide occur in opposite directions Note: Biomechanics Newton Laws Application of mechanical laws to the human body (Hall) Science that deals with forces and their effects applied to biological systems (Freivalds) Newton Laws (continued) 2nd Law: Law of Acceleration – the acceleration of a body is proportional to the unbalanced force acting upon it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body pure Pure roll (rotation) – dislocation slide (translation) - impingement 1st Law: Law of Inertia – a body remains at rest or in constant velocity motion until acted upon by an external unbalanced force Newton Laws (continued) 3rd Law: Law of Reaction – for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Force = Mass x Acceleration F = ma This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute. Basic Mechanics Levers Bones form levers Ligaments form hinges Muscles provide the force to move levers about the joint Lever: rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point when force is applied Axis/fulcrum: fixed point Force: applied by muscle to move the body part (resistance) Classes of Levers Lever System Components 1st class lever: fulcrum is between the force and the resistance 2nd class lever: resistance is between the fulcrum and the force 3rd class lever: force is between the fulcrum and resistance [most common in the body] 1st Class Lever Load/Resistance Force Fulcrum 1st Class Lever System Resistance - Fulcrum - Force Force Load/Resistance From Harmony Medical www.galleryhip.com Fulcrum This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute. From Harmony Medical 2nd Class Lever Fulcrum - Resistance - Force Load/Resistance Force 2nd Class Lever System http://www.engquest.org.au www.haikudeck.com Fulcrum 3rd Class Lever 3rd Class Lever System Resistance – Force - Fulcrum Load/Resistance Force Fulcrum 3rd Class Lever System source unknown www.pixshark.com Body Planes & Joint Motion Sagittal plane – divides the body into right and left sides Coronal (frontal) plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior components Transverse plane – divides the body into upper and lower components bvg8science.wikispaces.com This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute. Axis of Movement Coronal = X Sagittal = Z Longitudinal = Y Joint Movement Flexion / Extension occurs in the sagittal plane around the coronal axis (X) ABduction / ADduction occurs in the coronal (frontal) plane around the sagittal axis (Z) Medial / Lateral rotation occurs in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis (Y) Forces / Torques / Loads Loads on the Shoulder Loads on the Elbow Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs Bicep force (Fb) to hold 90 N weight Fb = 743.2 N This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute. Implications of Biomechanics in Training/Rehabilitation Mobilization Joint mechanics and structure The effects forces produce on the body Activity/Sport Strength requirements Quality of motion Forces imposed on joint/s during specific activity References: Hay JG. The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques. Prentice Hall INC., NJ 1973. Freivalds A. Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries. CRC Press. NY. 2004. Accessed at faculty.mu.edu.sa/download.php on 12/15/15. References (continued): Hall SJ. Basic Biomechanics (5th Ed.). McGraw Hill. 2007. accessed at tdemir.etu.edu.tr on 12/20/15. Harmony Medical. Chapter 2 - Joint Anatomy and Basic Biomechanics. Accessed at http://cnx.org/ resources/ 470adb6ee6172760eb50e49bfb920808/11 -Reading%20-%20Harmony.pdf on 12/31/15 This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.