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AP Biology Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy __________________________ consumers Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air get their energy from “eating others” eat food = other organisms = organic molecules make energy through respiration __________________________ produce their own energy (from “self”) producers convert energy of sunlight build organic molecules (CHO) from CO2 make energy & synthesize sugars through AP Biology AP Biology How are they connected? Heterotrophs making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 making energy & organic molecules from light energy Where’s the ATP? carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 AP Biology ATP store light energy in a stable form to be moved around the plant or stored need to get building block atoms CO2 from the environment C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy reduction = endergonic collect light energy transform it into chemical energy glucose oxidation = exergonic Autotrophs What does it mean to be a plant Need to… → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP photosynthesis produce all organic molecules needed for growth H 2O N K P … carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids AP Biology 1 AP Biology Plant structure Obtaining raw materials __________ __________ __________ _______________________ _______________________ stomate _______________________ __________ N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe… _______________________ 9______________ 9______________ AP Biology AP Biology chloroplast Chloroplasts leaves cross section of leaf absorb sunlight & CO2 CO2 Plant structure ATP Chloroplasts _________________ _________________ + + H +H + H+ H+ H + H+ H+ HH+ H+ Hthylakoid outer membrane inner membrane fluid-filled interior chloroplasts in plant cell _________________ stroma _________________ Thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll molecules electron transport chain ATP synthase AP Biology H+ gradient built up within thylakoid sac chloroplast AP Biology chloroplasts contain chlorophyll make energy & sugar thylakoid granum 2 AP Biology chloroplast Photosynthesis _______________________ ____________________ convert solar energy to chemical energy ____________________ It’s not the Dark Reactions! proteins in organelle membrane __________________ ______________ _________________________ _________________________ uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6 AP Biology ETC of Respiration proton (H+) gradient across inner membrane find the double membrane! ATP synthase enzyme AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP ATP like in cellular respiration _________________________ _________________________ ATP & NADPH + Light reactions thylakoid + +H H H+ H+ H+H + + + + H+H H H H +H+ H+ + + + H H H + + H+H+HH+ H H Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP use electron carrier ___________ use electron carrier ___________ generate H2O AP Biology generate O2 AP Biology 3 AP Biology The ATP that “Jack” built photosynthesis Pigments of photosynthesis respiration sunlight breakdown of C6H12O6 H+ H+ H+ moves the electrons H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ runs the pump How does this molecular structure fit its function? pumps the protons builds the gradient drives the flow of protons through ATP synthase bonds Pi to ADP ATP H+ generates the ATP AP Biology Chlorophylls & other pigments ADP + Pi … that evolution built A Look at Light The spectrum of color embedded in thylakoid membrane arranged in a “photosystem” collection of molecules AP Biology structure-function relationship Light: absorption spectra Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light _______________________ accessory pigments with different structures absorb light of different wavelengths absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls Why are plants green? V AP Biology I B G Y O R AP Biology 4 AP Biology chlorophyll a Photosystems of photosynthesis 2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane ETC of Photosynthesis ______________ chlorophyll b ______________ collections of chlorophyll molecules act as light-gathering molecules _________________ reaction __________________ center t P680 = absorbs 680nm wavelength red light _________________ __________________ P700 = absorbs 700nm wavelength red light antenna pigments AP Biology AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis Inhale, baby! ETC of Photosynthesis thylakoid chloroplast + +H+ H H+ H+ H+H + + + + H+H H H H sun Plants SPLIT water! e e OO e e Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a H+ e- +H 2 1 O e e H H 1 AP Biology + +H H H+ H+ H+H + + + + H+H H H H + ATP e- fill the e– vacancy 5 AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis ETC of Photosynthesis thylakoid chloroplast + +H+ H H+ H+ H+H + + + + H+H H H H ATP +H+ H+ H+ + + + H+ H+H +H+ H H H H 3 2 e e 1 e e H+ sun 5 4 ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a e e H+ H+ + H+ H H+ _________________ _________________ ADP + Pi ATP AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll b H+ sun ETC of Photosynthesis ETC of Photosynthesis electron carrier 6 e e 5 O sun + + + H H+ H H+ H+ H + H H+ H+ H+ H+ split H2O AP Biology Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll b $$ in the bank… reducing power! ATP AP Biology 6 AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis Experimental evidence Where did the O2 come from? ETC uses light energy to produce ATP & NADPH go to Calvin cycle PS II absorbs light Experiment 1 excited electron passes from chlorophyll to “ i “primary electron l t acceptor” t ” need to replace electron in chlorophyll enzyme extracts electrons from H2O & supplies them to chlorophyll splits H2O O combines with another O to form O2 O2 released to atmosphere and we breathe easier! AP Biology elevate electrons in 2 steps (PS II & PS I) 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Experiment 2 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 = plants split H2O! AP Biology Noncyclic Photophosphorylation Light reactions radioactive tracer = O18 Cyclic photophosphorylation If PS I can’t pass electron to NADP…it cycles back to PS II & makes more ATP, but no NADPH ____________________ ____________________ coordinates di light li h reactions to Calvin cycle Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH ____________________ ____________________ ATP AP Biology 18 ATP + 12 NADPH AP Biology ATP → 1 C6H12O6 7 AP Biology Photophosphorylation Photosynthesis summary cyclic photophosphorylation NADP NONcyclic photophosphorylation ATP AP Biology Where did the energy come from? Where did the electrons come from? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the O2 come from? Where did the O2 go? Where did the H+ come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? AP Biology …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle You can grow if you Ask Questions! AP Biology 8
