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Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Unit 01: Foundations of Geometry (10 days) Possible Lesson 01 (4 days) Possible Lesson 02 (6 days) POSSIBLE LESSON 01 (4 days) Lesson Synopsis: Students develop an understanding of the structure of geometric systems from undefined terms including point, line, and plane to postulates and theorems. Undefined terms are used to define foundational vocabulary for geometry. Undefined and defined terms are used to build postulates and theorems and applied to problem situations. TEKS: G.1 Geometric structure. The student understands the structure of, and relationships within, an axiomatic system. The student is expected to: G.1A Develop an awareness of the structure of a mathematical system, connecting definitions, postulates, logical reasoning, and theorems. G.1B G.1C Recognize the historical development of geometric systems and know mathematics is developed for a variety of purposes. Supporting Standard Compare and contrast the structures and implications of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries. Supporting Standard G.2 G.2A G.2B G.7 G.7A Geometric structure. The student analyzes geometric relationships in order to make and verify conjectures. The student is expected to: Use constructions to explore attributes of geometric figures and to make conjectures about geometric relationships. Supporting Standard Make conjectures about angles, lines, polygons, circles, and three-dimensional figures and determine the validity of the conjectures, choosing from a variety of approaches such as coordinate, transformational, or axiomatic. Readiness Standard Dimensionality and the geometry of location. The student understands that coordinate systems provide convenient and efficient ways of representing geometric figures and uses them accordingly. The student is expected to: Use one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to represent points, lines, rays, line segments, and figures. Supporting Standard Performance Indicator(s): Study and analyze the map and number line provided below: ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 1 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 A Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days E C F D B G ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 2 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days 0 2 3 4 5 6 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 A E C G B D F Create a chart with a verbal description and specific examples that compare and contrast the concepts of points (location), lines, planes, distance (measure), congruence, and “betweenness” (segment and angle addition postulates) among Euclidean and taxicab geometry. Summarize how formal constructions can be used to create a number line and a protractor. (G.1A, G.1B, G.1C; G.2A, G.2B; G.7A) 1C; 3D, 3H Key Understanding(s): • Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system connecting undefined terms (point, line, and plane), definitions, postulates, theorems, and logical reasoning. • Non-Euclidean systems of geometry have been developed for a variety of purposes and therefore, are built on a different structure of terms, definitions, and postulates. • Underdeveloped Concept(s): Although some students will have an extensive visual mathematical vocabulary and may be able to connect geometric terms to pictures or examples, the students may have difficulty articulating formal verbal definitions of these terms. ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 3 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Geometry Unit 01 Vocabulary of Instruction: • acute angle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • adjacent angles angle “betweenness” bisector of a segment bisector of an angle collinear complementary angles congruent angles coplanar defined terms degree measure distance Euclidean geometry • • • • • • • • • • • • • • grid interior of an angle intersection length line line segment linear pair of angles non-collinear non-coplanar non-Euclidean geometry obtuse angle parallel lines perpendicular lines • • • • • • • • • • • • • point postulate ray right angle skew lines space straight angle supplementary angles taxicab geometry theorem undefined term vertex vertical angles plane exterior of an angle \ Suggeste d Day 1 Suggested Instructional Procedure Topics: • Euclidean geometry Notes for Teacher ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource: Sample Comparison Table for Euclidean and Taxicab Geometries KEY (1 per teacher) • Non-Euclidean (taxicab) • Undefined terms (point, line, plane) Engage 1 Students use taxicab geometry to introduce undefined terms in Euclidean geometry (e.g., map or grid map of the area – plane; intersection – point; and street – line). MATERIALS • local map (1 per 4 students) • local resource(s) Instructional Procedures: ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 4 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure 1. Display the terms point, line, and plane and facilitate a class discussion of these terms. Explain to students that these are “undefined” terms that are the foundation of Euclidean geometry. 2. Place students in groups of 4. Distribute a copy of a local map to each group. Instruct students to identify and discuss the characteristics of the map with group members. Facilitate a class discussion of student responses, making sure that the map itself, streets, and intersections have been included as characteristics. Ask: • What are the undefined terms in Euclidean geometry? (point, line, plane) • What characteristics of the map correlate to the undefined terms in Euclidean geometry? Although student answers may vary, students should be led to make the following connection: (map or grid map of the area – plane; intersection – point; and street – line.) Explain to students that a local map or city map with streets is a representation of taxicab geometry. 3. Instruct students to create a table to compare and contrast the “undefined” terms in Euclidean geometry with the characteristics of taxicab geometry found on the map. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher TEACHER NOTE In this activity students compare and contrast the foundational terms for Euclidean and taxicab geometries. TEACHER NOTE Use a map of the local area to encourage student interest. A local map may be printed from online. TEACHER NOTE When comparing points and intersections, students should understand that a point actually has no dimension as opposed to an intersection of streets which could be represented by a square. When comparing lines and streets, students should understand that a line actually has only one dimension (length) and goes on infinitely as opposed to a street which has two dimensions and has an end. When comparing a plane and the map, students should understand that a plane and map both have two dimensions (length and width), but a plane goes on infinitely as opposed to a map which has an end. Comparisons could also be made using the curved surface of the earth, if a page 5 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher map were to be extended. Topics: • Euclidean geometry ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource: Points, Lines, and Planes KEY (1 per teacher) • Teacher Resource: Points, Lines, and Planes (1 per teacher) • Handout: Points, Lines, and Planes (1 per student) • Undefined terms (point, line, plane) • Defined terms Explore/Explain 1 Students extend undefined terms to explore defined terms. Instructional Procedures: 1. Distribute handout: Points, Lines, and Planes to each student. Refer students to the Background and Geometric Vocabulary: Undefined terms. Instruct students to discuss Background and Undefined terms with a partner. Display teacher resource: Points, Lines, and Planes, and facilitate a class discussion of Naming and Symbolic Representation of Undefined terms. 2. Place students in pairs. Instruct students to answer problems 1 – 3, and discuss their responses with their partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Points, Lines, and Planes, facilitate a class discussion of student responses, clarifying any misconceptions. 3. Refer students to Defined terms on handout: Points, Lines, and Planes. Using teacher resource: Points, Lines, and Planes, facilitate a class discussion of Defined terms. 4. Refer students to Intersections of geometric terms on handout: Points, Lines, and Planes, and instruct students to complete the blanks and compare responses with their partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Points, Lines, and Planes, facilitate a class discussion of student responses, clarifying any misconceptions. Ask: • What do you think coplanar means? Non-coplanar? Answers may vary. Coplanar means being in the same plane. Non-coplanar means to not be in the same plane; etc. • Is it possible for two lines to not intersect and not be parallel? (Yes, skew lines are non-coplanar lines that do not intersect and are not parallel.) • How important is the word coplanar to the definition of parallel? Explain. Answers may vary. ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 TEACHER NOTE In this activity students investigate the undefined terms in geometry and use the undefined terms to determine definitions for other geometric vocabulary. TEACHER NOTE Most students have an intuitive understanding of definitions (it appears to be an angle), but are not familiar with using critical attributes to form definitions. Transitioning students to reason from what they think intuitively to communicating and proving critical attributes geometrically is imperative in Geometry. page 6 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher Skew lines also do not intersect, but they are in different planes. Parallel lines do not intersect, but they are in the same plane; etc. • What is a critical attribute for parallel lines? (They are in the same plane.) • How many ways can two lines intersect? Describe. Answers may vary. If the lines just cross like an “X”, they only intersect in 1 point. If the lines lay one on top of the other, they intersect in an infinite amount of points; etc. • How many ways can a plane and a line intersect? Describe. Answers may vary. If the line just passes through the plane, they intersect in 1 point. If the line lies in the plane, they intersect in an infinite amount of points; etc. • How many ways can two planes intersect? Describe. Answers may vary. If the planes cross like an “X”, they only intersect in a line. If the planes lay one on top of the other, they intersect in an infinite amount of points; etc. 5. Instruct students to work with their partner to complete the Guided Practice problems on handout: Points, Lines, and Planes. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Points, Lines, and Planes, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. 6. Instruct students to independently complete the Practice Problems on handout: Points, Lines, and Planes. This may be assigned as homework, if necessary. 2 Topics: • Lines and line segments • • • • • • ©2012, TESCCC ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource: Distance and Length KEY (1 per teacher) • Teacher Resource: Distance and Length (1 per teacher) • Handout: Distance and Length (1 per student) Betweenness Ruler postulate Distance and length Segment addition postulate Definition of midpoint Constructions (congruent line segments, perpendicular bisectors of line segments) Explore/Explain 2 MATERIALS • straight edge (1 per student) • compass (1 per student) Students continue to build an understanding of Euclidean geometry as a system by examining relationships in lines and line segments, including the use of formal constructions. TEACHER NOTE In this activity students define and 04/05/13 page 7 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure Instructional Procedures: 1. Distribute handout: Distance and Length, a straight edge, and a compass to each student. Refer students to the defined terms involving lines. Display teacher resource: Distance and Length, and facilitate a class discussion of defined terms involving lines. 2. Place students in pairs. Instruct students to answer Example problems 1 – 4 on handout: Distance and Length, and discuss their responses with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of student responses, clarifying any misconceptions. Ask: • What are parallel lines? (Coplanar lines that lie in the same plane and do not intersect.) • Why does the definition of parallel lines include the word coplanar? Answers may vary. To distinguish parallel lines from skew lines which also do not intersect, but are not in the same plane; etc. • What symbols indicate parallel lines in a drawing? In text? Answers may vary. Interior arrow marks on paired lines in a diagram and • • • AB P CD in text; etc. What are perpendicular lines? Answers may vary. Lines that intersect to form right angles; etc. How many right angles are formed by two intersecting perpendicular lines? (4) What symbol indicates perpendicular lines in a drawing? In text? (A square at the intersection of the two perpendicular lines; AB ⊥ CD .) • What is a line segment? Answers may vary. A portion of a line marked by two endpoints; etc. • How do you name segments? Is there more than one way? Answers may vary. With a bar over the two endpoints which can be written starting with either endpoint AB or BA ; etc. • How long is a segment (finite or infinite)? How many points does it contain? Answers may vary. Its length is finite, but it contains an infinite number of points; etc. • What is a ray? How do you name it? Is there more than one way? Answers may vary. Portion of uuur a line with 1 endpoint, can only be named beginning with the endpoint AB ; etc. • What are some incorrect ways to name a ray? Answers may vary. You could not name the uur previous ray as BA because you must start with the endpoint; etc. • How long is a ray? How many points are on a ray? Answers may vary. Both the length and number of points in a ray are infinite; etc. 3. Refer students to Ruler Postulate on handout: Distance and Length, and instruct students to discuss the ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher investigate line segments. One goal of the activity is for students to discover 2 important postulates: The Ruler Postulate and the Segment Addition Postulate. It is important for students to understand that the Ruler Postulate makes distance and length measurement possible by pairing numbers to a line just as the mile marker system pairs numbers to an interstate highway. TEACHER NOTE Some students may have been introduced to the concept of absolute value in middle school and Algebra 1, but because it is an Algebra 2 TEKS, most students will probably not have an understanding of this concept. Therefore, when addressing the Ruler Postulate and the application of the distance formula, be sure to develop the concept of absolute value geometrically (distance from zero). For some classes you may want to develop the concept algebraically. AB = a − b 12 = a − 5 , so a − 5 = 12 or a − 5 = −12 a = 17 or a = −7 page 8 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure 4. 5. 6. 7. ©2012, TESCCC Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher definition of the Ruler Postulate with their partner. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of the definition of the Ruler Postulate. Instruct students to answer Example problems 5 – 14 on handout: Distance and Length, and discuss their responses with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of student responses, clarifying any misconceptions. Ask: • Is distance or length ever negative? Answers may vary. Distance and length are always positive. When a negative is attached, it relates to direction; etc. • Is the distance from A to B always the same as B to A? (yes) • How is betweeness illustrated on the number line? Answers may vary. The 2 is between the number 1 and the number 3; etc. Refer students to page 3 of handout: Distance and Length. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of the Betweenness Theorem, Segment Addition Postulate, and Definition of Midpoint. Instruct students to answer Guided Practice problems 15 – 20 on handout: Distance and Length, and discuss their responses with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of student responses, clarifying any misconceptions. Ask: • How is betweenness illustrated by the Segment Addition Postulate? Answers may vary. On given line segment AC, if point B is between points A and C, then AB + BC = AC; etc. • What does the Segment Addition Postulate allow us to do with segment lengths? Answers may vary. Add and subtract lengths to find distances; etc. • What is a midpoint? Answers may vary. The middle point of a line segment in between the two endpoints; etc. • How is betweenness illustrated by the Definition of Midpoint? Answers may vary. Because the midpoint is between the two endpoints, the distance from the midpoint to the one endpoint of the line segment is equal to the distance from the midpoint to the other endpoint of the line segment; betweenness is illustrated because the two distances from the midpoint to each of the endpoints of the line segments is the same; twice the distance from the midpoint to one endpoint is equal to the line of the entire line segment; etc. Refer students to Constructions on handout: Distance and Length. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, model the construction of a congruent line segment and the construction of a perpendicular bisector of a line segment. 04/05/13 page 9 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher 8. Instruct students to use constructions to complete problems 21 – 24 on handout: Distance and Length, and discuss their results with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: Distance and Length, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. 9. Instruct students to independently complete Practice Problems on handout: Distance and Length. This may be assigned as homework, if necessary. 3 Topics: • Rays and angles ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource: All about Angles KEY (1 per teacher) • Teacher Resource: All about Angles (1 per teacher) • Handout: All about Angles (1 per student) • Protractor postulate • Angle addition postulate • Constructions (congruent angles, bisectors of angles) Explore/Explain 3 Students continue to build an understanding of Euclidean geometry as a system by examining relationships in rays and angles, including the use of formal constructions. Instructional Procedures: 1. Facilitate a class discussion to debrief construction problems on handout: Distance and Length. 2. Distribute handout: All about Angles, a protractor, a straight edge, and a compass to each student. Refer students to page 1. Display teacher resource: All about Angles, and facilitate a class discussion on characteristics of angles. 3. Place students in pairs. Instruct students to complete problems 1 – 4 on handout: All about Angles, and discuss their results with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. 4. Refer students to Angle Classification on handout: All about Angles. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion on classifying angles. 5. Instruct students to complete problem 5 on handout: All about Angles, and discuss their results with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. 6. Refer students to Angle Postulates on handout: All about Angles. Using teacher resource: All about ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 MATERIALS • protractor (1 per student) • straight edge (1 per student) • compass (1 per student) TEACHER NOTE In this activity students investigate angles, their characteristics and their relationships. TEACHER NOTE Vocabulary related to angles is addressed in middle school, so students should at least recognize the vocabulary. Since this is a review, the vocabulary portions of the activity should move quickly with more time focused on the postulates, theorems, and constructions. page 10 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Notes for Teacher Angles, facilitate a class discussion to review and name the Protractor Postulate and Angle Addition Postulate. Instruct students to complete problems 6 – 9 on handout: All about Angles, and discuss their results with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. Refer students to Angle Relationships and Angle Theorems on handout: All about Angles. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion on angle relationships and angle theorems. Instruct students to complete problems 10 – 11 on handout: All about Angles, and discuss their results with a partner. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, facilitate a class discussion of student results, clarifying any misconceptions. Refer students to Angle Constructions on handout: All about Angles. Using teacher resource: All about Angles, model the construction of a congruent angle and the construction of a bisector of an angle. Instruct students to independently complete problems 12 – 17 on handout: All about Angles. This may be assigned as homework, if necessary. Topics: • Euclidean postulates ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource: A Geometric Look at the World KEY (1 per teacher) • Handout: A Geometric Look at the World (1 per student) • Defined terms • Applications to the real world Elaborate 1 Students connect their understanding of definitions and postulates of lines, angles, and other geometric vocabulary into the context of the real world. Instructional Procedures: 1. Facilitate a class discussion to debrief construction problems on the handout: All about Angles. 2. Place students in pairs. Distribute handout: A Geometric Look at the World, a protractor, and a ruler to each student. Distribute 1 sheet of chart paper and 1 set of chart markers to each pair of students. 3. Instruct students to work with their partner to complete problems 1 – 9 on handout: A Geometric Look at the World. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. Facilitate a class discussion of student results on problems 1 – 9. 4. Instruct students to work with their partner to complete problems 10 – 13, and create a display of their ©2012, TESCCC Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days 04/05/13 MATERIALS • protractor (1 per student) • ruler (1 per student) • chart paper (1 sheet per 2 students) • chart markers (1 set per 2 students) TEACHER NOTE In this activity students connect their understanding of definitions page 11 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure results on chart paper to post in the classroom. Allow students time to complete their work, and monitor students to check for understanding. 5. Using a round robin setting moving in pairs around the room, instruct students to compare and contrast results on the poster displays of problems 10 – 13. Facilitate a class discussion of student findings on the poster comparisons, and instruct students to make any necessary corrections to their own handouts. Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher and postulates of lines, angles, and other geometric vocabulary into the context of the real world situations. TEACHER NOTE For problem 10 on handout: All about Angles, monitor students carefully to determine if they need instruction on drawing a sketch of the drawbridge that spans Descartes’ Bay. STATE RESOURCES TEXTEAMS: High School Geometry: Supporting TEKS and TAKS I – Structure; 1.0 Bayou City Geometry, 1.1, Act. 1 (Bayou City Flyers), 1.2, Act. 2 (Assumptions), 1.3, Act. 3 (Assumptions about Bayou City), 1.4, Act. 4 (Definitions), 1.5, Act. 5 (Definitions in Bayou City), 1.6, Act. 6 (Lunch Anyone?), 1.7, Act. 7 (Which Supervisor?) 1.8, Act. 8 (Walk or Fly?), 1.9, Act. 9 (Getting Around Bayou City) may be used as alternate activities. ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 12 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure 4 Notes for Teacher Evaluate 1 Instructional Procedures: 1. Assess student understanding of related concepts and processes by using the Performance Indicator(s) aligned to this lesson. ATTACHMENTS • Teacher Resource (optional): Evaluating Foundations of Geometry KEY (1 per teacher) • Handout (optional): Evaluating Foundations of Geometry PI (1 per student) MATERIALS • protractor (1 per student) • ruler (1 per student) • compass (1 per student) Performance Indicator(s): Study and analyze the map and number line provided below: A Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days TEACHER NOTE If time permits, in addition to the Performance Indicator assessment, handout (optional): Evaluating Foundations of Geometry PI maybe used as an additional assessment tool. E C F D B G ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 13 of 14 Geometry/Mathematics 2012-2013 Enhanced Instructional Transition Guide Geometry Unit 01 Suggeste d Day Suggested Instructional Procedure Unit 01: Possible Lesson 01 Suggested Duration: 4 days Notes for Teacher 0 2 3 4 5 6 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 A E C G B D F Create a chart with a verbal description and specific examples that compare and contrast the concepts of points (location), lines, planes, distance (measure), congruence, and “betweenness” (segment and angle addition postulates) among Euclidean and taxicab geometry. Summarize how formal constructions can be used to create a number line and a protractor. (G.1A, G.1B, G.1C; G.2A, G.2B; G.7A) 1C; 3D, 3H ©2012, TESCCC 04/05/13 page 14 of 14