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Read Chapter 19, Section 1 to locate information on the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the pressure of 1 atmosphere? 1kg/square cm What is the equivalent measure in millibars for 1 atmosphere? 1013.2mb What device is used for measuring atmospheric pressure? Barometer What 3 factors control wind? Differences in pressure (greater the difference in pressure => greater wind speed); the Coriolis Effect (increases with wind speed); and Friction (decreases wind speed and decreases the Coriolis Effect) 5. Which pressure systems have the highest wind speeds: Low Pressure or High Pressure? Low Pressure systems have the highest wind speeds. 6. What do isobars illustrate? Isobars indicate the pressure gradients between and within a system of Low of High Pressure. Closely spaced isobars indicate high winds caused by a steep gradient and widely spaced isobars indicate light winds caused by a weak pressure gradient. 7. Air moves from an area of high pressure toward an area of low pressure. 8. Air in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected by the Coriolis Effect in which direction? To the right 9. Air in the Southern Hemisphere is deflected by the Coriolis Effect in which direction? To the left 10. Which of the 3 factors controlling wind occur in upper level winds? Pressure gradients and the Coriolis Effect 11. Which of the 3 factors controlling wind occur at earth’s surface? Friction 12. Jet Streams lie above the friction layer, where air can move like a river flowing 120 – 240 km/hr. Read Chapter 19, Section 2 to locate information on the following: 1. What types of condition are generally associated with low pressure systems? Cloudy conditions with precipitation 2. What types of condition are generally associated with high pressure systems? Fair conditions with clear skies 3. Low pressure systems are referred to as cyclones and the winds blow inward . 4. High pressure systems are referred to as anticyclones and the winds blow outward . 5. Describe the differences in wind deflection by the Coriolis Effect between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Winds are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. Winds are deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. 6. Complete the following table: Vertical movement of air Type of Pressure System Type of weather Rising Low/ cyclonic Clouds/precipitation Sinking High/anticyclonic Clear skies 7. Create an illustration of earth’s Hadley Cells. Be sure to include arrows noting the direction and temperature of air flow around the cells and also label and describe the following: Trade winds Located between the equator and subtropical highs in both hemispheres; blow constantly from east to west Equatorial low A region of low pressure found along the equator. The trade winds move toward this low pressure Polar easterlies Winds that blow constantly toward the east and from the polar regions Westerlies Winds that are deflected off the trade winds and driven back in a westward direction; interact with polar easterlies Polar front Areas where warm air masses (from westerlies) and cool air masses (from polar easterlies) meet and often produce stormy regions. 8. Why is there a continuous subpolar low pressure belt located in the Southern Hemisphere? The ocean is uninterrupted by the continental landmasses that exist in the Northern Hemisphere. Read Chapter 19, Section 3 to locate information on the following: 1. What are 3 geographic factors that can affect local winds? Land, water, and topography 2. Complete the following table to gain a better understanding of land, sea, valley and mountain breezes: Geographic Direction of Day/Night Cause Feature wind Land heats up faster than water; air over land Sea Toward land Day Land Toward sea Night Valley Upslope Day Mountain Downslope Night rises, low pressure appears on land; air moves toward land. Lands cools faster that water; air over land sinks, high pressure forms on land; air moves out toward sea. Air along slopes heats faster than air above the valley and begins to rise (less dense) Air along slopes cools faster than air above the valley; denser air sinks down the slope. 3. Match the following scale with the correct wind direction: 0 degrees 90 degrees 180 degrees 270 degrees 360 degrees N E S W N 4. During our summers, the wind blows more often from a southwesterly direction. During our winters, the wind blows more often from a northeasterly direction. These are known as our prevailing winds . 5. Wind speed is measured using an anemometer . 6. Which cold water current creates upwelling along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru and helps support a thriving fishing industry? Peruvian Current 7. Illustrate and describe the oceanic changes that create an El Nino event. See page 546 8. How does the jet stream over the US change during an El Nino event as compared with normal conditions? The polar jet (northwest coast) pushes further northward into Canada before sliding down across the Midwest and then bend back northeastward as is collides with the subtropical jet moving across the southern US. This creates wetter winters for the southeastern US. In a normal year, the polar jet moves across the Pacific Northwest and upper Midwest, before gliding past New England and the Maritime Provinces. 9. Which event is associated with the occurrence of more hurricanes in the US? La Nina