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Review guide for Chemistry’s First Semester Exam Here are the learning goals with some sample questions that will help you prepare for the semester exam. The learning goals appear in bold font and the problems are in regular. Pages of your text book are sometimes given, in case you need more support. All of the materials handed out in class are available to be downloaded from Mr. Botella’s website. Go to Chemistry and look under handouts. You might need more paper for answering the questions. Unit 1 Thinking like a Chemist I will be able to… Identify common lab equipment (graduated cylinder, beaker, test tube) 1. Sketch each of the following glassware: a. Beaker b. Flask c. Graduated cylinder d. Test tube e. Properly measure objects using lab equipment (eg. volume, length, mass). 2. What is the length of the following object (Remember to guess up to one more digit from instrument’s precision and do not forget the units!) Convert numbers that are in scientific notation into numbers written in ordinary notation and vice versa.(P.48 TXT) 3. Write the following numbers into correct scientific notation: a. 1023 __________________ d. -56894 ________________ b. 0.000054 _______________ e. -0.000593 ______________ c. 125.89 _________________ f. 4897x104 _______________ 4. Write the following numbers into regular notation a. 1.25x103 ________________________ d. 165.89x102 ______________ b. 0.00034x10-2 _____________ e. 9.573x10-4 ______________ c. 4.45x10-6 ________________ f. -2.36x104 _______________ Do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers written in scientific notation (P. 48 and 56 TXT) 5. Find the correct value for the following operations without a calculator a. 2.00x10-2 + 4.00x10-1 = ________________ b. 9.00x109 – 3.00x108 = ________________ c. 4.00x104 * 2.00x102 = _________________ d. 5.00x10-4 * 5.00x104 = ________________ e. 1.50x106 / 3.00x103 = ________________ 6. Find the correct value for the following operations. You can use your calculator this time. f. 3.65x10-5 + 6.19x10-6 = ________________ g. 1.87x109 – 8.7x108 = __________________ h. 4.67x106 * 6.95x103 = _________________ i. 9.56x106 / 3.20x10-2 = _________________ Define and write the equation for density 7. Define density and write its equation Know the value for the density of water 8. Write the value of density for pure water Know what makes one substance more dense than a different substance 9. If you have 1 kg of lead and 1 kg of cotton, which takes up more space? 10. If you have a volume of 10 cm3 of lead and another volume of 10 cm3 of cotton, which one is heavier? Know that the density of a substance does not depend on the size of the object. 11. Explain what happens to the density of a homogenous object (say a piece of paper) when we cut it in half Calculate the density of an object, given its mass and volume. 12. Find the density of a plastic cube that has a volume of 3cm3 and a mass of 6.2 g Calculate the density of an object, given its mass and volume. 13. Find the volume of the ball that has a mass of 500 g and a density of 1.68 g/ml Calculate the mass of an object, given its density and volume. 14. Calculate the mass of a portfolio if you know its density is 2.3 g/ml and its volume is130 cm Predict an objects relative density based on whether it floats or sinks in a liquid of known density (such as water). 15. You place three liquids that cannot mix in a beaker. You know the one labeled A is water (density of 1 g/ml), B is an oil (density .7 g/ml), and C is a mysterious liquid whose density is 0.89 g/ml. Which of the liquids would be on top, and which in the bottom. Know the metric prefixes: kilo, centi, milli, micro 16. Define what each prefix means in terms of the unit value. For example, Kilo means 1000 times de unit value a)Centi b)Mili c) Micro Define metric system, unit conversion and conversion factors 17. Define the metric system and indicate in what number is the metric system based 18. Define metric conversion by indicating what do we use this for 19. Define a conversion factor (what is a conversion factor?) Convert from one metric prefix to another using the table of metric prefixes. 20. Do the following metric conversions: a. 53 m to cm c. 0.9 mg to g b. 145 kl to cl d. 67 mm to km Solve unit conversion problems involving more than one conversion factor. a. You heard a loud thump! while walking the dog one evening. You turned around the broken tree to find a meteorite! You called your meteorite hunter friend in Paris and she asks about the weight of the meteorite in kilograms. You only have a balance that reads in ounces and find the meteorite’s mass to be 53 ounces. How many kilograms is this equal to (2.2 pounds = 1 kilograms; 16 ounces = 1 pound)? Use conversion factors to solve this problem in the space below. b. A friend tells you he measured an oceanic current’s speed to be 5 m/s. How fast is that in miles per hour? Use the following conversion factors to solve the problem :1 mile = 1508 m, 1 km = 1000 m; 1 h = 60 min; 1 min = 60 sec Unit 2 Classification of Matter Know these terms: Use these terms to complete the web: matter pure substance atom homogenous mixture element solution diatomic element heterogenous mixture molecule compound MATTER Anything that has weight and takes up space _________________________________ Matter which looks the same throughout Can be either __________________________________ Matter which looks different throughout ______________________ _____________________________ A kind of material with the same composition throughout Made up of 2 or more substances; are physically combined; composition varies throughout ______________________ Made up of more than one type of atom; substance can be broken down by simple chemical means ____________________ A substance which cannot be broken down further _________________________________ _______________ _ ______________ Special Case: A homogenous mixture that is physically combined Smallest unit of an element Smallest unit of a compound Review the symbols and names of commonly used elements (p.22) Identify the symbols and names of the 7 diatomic elements: _____________________________ ___________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ _______________________ _____________________________ Distinguish between an element and a compound symbolically Identify each as an Element (E) or a Compound (C ) ______H2O ______CO2 ______Au ______Br2 ________He ______NaCl Describe the difference between an element and a compound Element: __________________________________________________________________________________________ Compound: ________________________________________________________________________________________ Distinguish between an atom and a molecule symbolically Identify the following as an atom (A) or a molecule (M) ______ He ______NaCl ______CuBr ______H2 ______SO4 _______Mg Describe the difference between an atom and a molecule Atom: __________________________________________________________________________________________ Molecule: _________________________________________________________________________________________ Identify examples of a homogenous mixture and a heterogenous mixture Identify each of the following mixtures as homogeneous (HO) or heterogenous (HE) ______Table Salt (NaCl) ______Gold (Au) _______Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough ______Lemonade ______Shampoo _______Well-Mixed Salt Water Describe the difference between physical and chemical changes Change in Matter Physical Change Chemical Change Definition: Definition: Signs of physical changes: Signs of chemical changes: Identify examples of chemical and physical changes Label the following as a chemical change (C) or a physical change (P) ______glass breaking ______burning toast ______frying an egg ______a rusting nail ______spoiling (rotting) food ______making salt water ______melting ice cream ______mowing the lawn Identify examples of chemical properties and physical properties Identify the following as a chemical property (C) or a physical property (P) ______Color ______Taste ______Ability to rust ______Boiling point ______Ability to dissolve ______Density point ______Odor ______Melting point ______Flammability ______Freezing Unit 3: Atomic structure, Periodic Table, and Sublevel Notation . Explain the difference between science and pseudoscience Characteristics of Pseudoscience Criteria for Scientific Models Define: atom, neutron, proton, electron, atomic mass, atomic number 19 K 39.098 This is the number of ____________, positively charged particles. This is also referred to as the ______________________ This is the _______________________, which you can calculate by adding the number of _____________________ and _____________________________ An _________ is the smallest unit of matter. An _________________ is a negatively charged particle, with essentially no mass. Now draw a sketch of a K atom, showing the correct location and number of neutrons, protons, and electrons: Define: ion, cation, anion, oxidation number Match the items to the statement. Some items can be used more than once, and some statements have two correct answers. Fill in all answers that apply! 8. Has/have more electrons than protons. 9. Not an ion. 10. Cation(s) 11. Anion(s) 12. Has/have gained electrons. 13. Has/have lost electrons. A. B. C. D. Cl-2 K+1 F Al+3 Looking at the ions in the box above, circle the oxidation numbers. Define oxidation number in your own words: __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Understand how the periodic table is organized. Know where important families are located. For more help, read chapter 5, sections 1 & 2 (p. 124-140) in your textbook. Using the periodic table above, color the Noble Gases red. Give the number of valence electrons of this family: _______ Color the Halogens green. Give the number of valence electrons of this family: ________ Circle the Diatomic Elements. Shade in the Metalloids. On what side of the Metalloids are Metals located? ______________ Non-metals? ______________ Circle the direction of a Period: ↔ or ↕ and a Family: ↔ or ↕ Describe what elements in the same period have in common: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe what elements in the same family have in common: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe how properties (atomic radius, ionization energy, valence electrons) change going across a period or down a column (family). Read p. 142-148 in your textbook. Define: Atomic Radius Define: Ionization Energy How does this property change going across a period? Increases/decreases (circle one) How does this property change going across a period? Increases/decreases (circle one) …down a family? Increases/decreases (circle one) …down a family? Increases/decreases (circle one) Define Periodic and make a drawing to show what a periodic trend looks like: Periodic means: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Periodic looks like: Describe the main characteristics of different types of elements (metals, metalloids, non-metals). See p. 17-19 in your book. Fill in the Venn diagram below to show which properties are unique to metals, metalloids, and non-metals, and which properties two groups may share: Metalloids Non-Metals Metals Write the electron configuration for any element (sublevel notation) by reading the periodic table Give the sublevel notation for the following elements: Carbon___________________________________________________________________________ Lead_____________________________________________________________________________ Copper___________________________________________________________________________ Identify the following elements according to their sublevel notations: 1s22s22p63s23p5 ________ 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9 __________ 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d5 _________ Write the electron configuration using the noble gas short hand Give the sublevel notation for the following elements, using the noble gas short hand Cl __________________________________________________________________ Pr___________________________________________________________________ Sb___________________________________________________________________ Find the oxidation number of elements by: a) drawing the atomic sketch of the element or b) looking at the periodic table Draw the atomic sketch for As AND show its number of valence electrons using an electron dot symbol, for example, X Draw the atomic sketch for Ba AND show its number of valence electrons using an electron dot symbol Describe how you can tell the number of valence electrons from looking at the atomic sketch: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is another way you can tell the number of valence electrons, by looking at the periodic table? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unit 4: Copper lab, Writing formulas, Naming compounds Define Reactant and products, precipitate, exothermic and endothermic reactions and signs of each Write the definition of the following terms: 1. Reactants and products 2. Precipitate 3. Exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction Define the symbols (aq), (s), (l), (g), and explain when to use these symbols In the reaction below, explain what do the symbols (aq), (l), (g) mean. Cl2(g) + KBr(aq) → KCl(aq) + Br2(l) What is the difference between the following symbols for hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) and HCl(l) Describe five signs that a chemical change has occurred List five evidences that a chemical change has occurred, and provide examples for each from the copper lab Describe the following laboratory techniques: decanting, water bath and gravity filtration Describe each of the following lab procedures by indicating what the main goal for using the procedure is, and indicate when you would use them. 1. Decanting 2. Water bath 3. Gravity filtration Describe the criss-cross method for writing chemical formulas based on the fact that compounds have no overall charge. Write down the steps you would take for writing the chemical formula of a given compound (criss cross method) Write a correct chemical formula (in symbols) for a compound when you are given its name in words Write the correct chemical formula for the following compounds: 1. potassium chromate 2. magnesium nitrate 3. copper I phosphate 4. copper II phosphate 5. ammonium sulfate 6. iron II dichromate 7. iron III dichromate 8. copper I bromide 9. copper II bromide 10. magnesium oxide Write the correct name for a compound when you are given its chemical formula (in symbols) Write down the steps you would take for naming compounds given its formula Write the correct name for the following compounds: 1. K3N 2. Fe2(CO3)3 3. Sn(Cr2O7) 4. (NH4)2(SO4) 5. Ag2(SO3) 6. NO3 7. Li(OH) 8. SF6 9. C I4 10. Pb(C2H3O2)2 11. BaCl2 12. Cs3P2 13. Sr(NO2)2 14. Cr(SO4) 15. Zn3(PO4)2 Write a correct chemical reaction, including the reactants and products Write the symbols for the following equation, including the symbols (aq), (l), (g) ot (s) for each compound. Circle the reactants and square the products 1. Silver sulfate dissolved in water and pieces of sodium yield a precipitate of silver and a solution of sodium sulfate dissolved in water 2. The solutions of Lead II nitrate and potassium iodide, both dissolved in water, produce a precipitate of lean iodide and the diluted solution of potassium nitrate Unit 5: Reaction Types and predicting products The five major types of reactions: combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion of a hydrocarbon. Identify the following reaction types: A + B → AB ____________________________________ A + BC → B + AC __________________________________________ CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O ________________________________________________ AB → A + B _______________________________________________ AB + CD → AC + BD _____________________________________________________ Which reaction types have “subtypes” that require you to use the chart for predicting products? __________________________________ and ________________________________________ Describe the characteristics for the five types of reaction that can be used for identifying them. A reaction with one reactant must be ______________________________________________ A reaction with one product must be ________________________________________________ A reaction with a compound whose formula is CxHy and whose products are CO2 and H2O must be: ___________________________________________________________________________ A reaction with two compounds as reactants and products is: __________________________________ A reaction with one element and one compound as reactants is: _________________________________ Identify the five types of reactions Write the type of reaction for the following chemical reactions _____________1. Al + S Al2S3 _____________ 2. Au2O3 Au + O2 _____________ 3. H2 + N2 _____________ 4. _____________ 5. Zn _____________ 6. LiOH + H2SO4 _____________ 7. Cl2 + NaI _____________ 8. K+ H2O NaF NH3 Na+ F2 + HNO3 H2 + Zn(NO3)2 Li2SO4 + H2O NaCl + I2 KOH + H2 _____________ 9. AgNO3 + AlCl3 _____________ 10. CH4 + O2 AgCl + Al(NO3)3 CO2 + H2O Identify the subtypes of reaction for decomposition and single replacement Write the subtype of each reaction below. Use your chart of subtypes to help you. __________________________________________________1. KClO3 → KCl + O2 __________________________________________________2. NaOH → Na2O + H2O __________________________________________________3. Cl2 + CaI2 → CaCl2 + I2 __________________________________________________4. CaCl2 → Ca + Cl2 __________________________________________________5. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 __________________________________________________6. Zn + AlCl3 → ZnCl2 + Al Predict the products of a reaction (remembering to use criss-cross and HONClBrIF Write the products of the following reactions. Indicate the type of reaction as well 1. Au2O3 2. H2 + N2 3. Zn + HNO3 4. LiOH + H2SO4 5. Cl2 + NaI 6. Al + N2 7.K + H2O 8. AgNO3 + AlCl3 9. CH4 + O2 10. Fe2(CO3)3 11. Cr + H2SO4 Unit 6 Balancing Reactions Relate the conservation of matter to the rearrangement of atyoms in a chemical formula Explain what is the purpose of balancing equations Write and interpret a balanced chemical equation for a reaction, and relate conservation of matter to the balanced equation Determine if the following equations are balanced or not 1. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 It is balanced 2. Al + 3 N2 3. K + H2O AlN3 K(OH) + H2 Balnce the following reactions 1. _____ KClO3 → _____ KCl +_____O2 2. _____NaOH → _____Na2O + _____H2O 3. _____Cl2 + _____CaI2 → _____CaCl2 + _____I2 4. _____NaCl → _____Na + _____Cl2 5. _____Zn + _____AlCl3 → _____ZnCl2 +_____ Al 6. _____ Au2O3 _____ Au + O2 7. _____H2 + _____ N2 8. _____ Zn + _____HNO3 9. _____ LiOH + _____ H2SO4 _____ H3N _____ Zn(NO3)2 + _____H2 _____ Li2(SO4) + _____H2O