Download Review guide for Chemistry`s First Semester Exam Unit 1 Thinking

Review guide for Chemistry’s First Semester Exam
Here are the learning goals with some sample questions that will help you prepare for the semester exam. The learning
goals appear in bold font and the problems are in regular. Pages of your text book are sometimes given, in case you need more
support. All of the materials handed out in class are available to be downloaded from Mr. Botella’s website. Go to Chemistry and
look under handouts. You might need more paper for answering the questions.
Unit 1 Thinking like a Chemist
I will be able to…
Identify common lab equipment (graduated cylinder, beaker, test tube)
1. Sketch each of the following glassware:
a. Beaker
b. Flask
c. Graduated cylinder
d. Test tube
e.
Properly measure objects using lab equipment (eg. volume, length, mass).
2. What is the length of the following object (Remember to guess up to one more digit from instrument’s precision
and do not forget the units!)
Convert numbers that are in scientific notation into numbers written in ordinary notation and vice versa.(P.48 TXT)
3. Write the following numbers into correct scientific notation:
a. 1023 __________________
d. -56894 ________________
b. 0.000054 _______________
e. -0.000593 ______________
c. 125.89 _________________
f. 4897x104 _______________
4. Write the following numbers into regular notation
a. 1.25x103 ________________________
d. 165.89x102 ______________
b. 0.00034x10-2 _____________
e. 9.573x10-4 ______________
c. 4.45x10-6 ________________
f. -2.36x104 _______________
Do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers written in scientific notation (P. 48 and 56 TXT)
5. Find the correct value for the following operations without a calculator
a. 2.00x10-2 + 4.00x10-1 = ________________
b. 9.00x109 – 3.00x108 = ________________
c. 4.00x104 * 2.00x102 = _________________
d. 5.00x10-4 * 5.00x104 = ________________
e. 1.50x106 / 3.00x103 = ________________
6. Find the correct value for the following operations. You can use your calculator this time.
f.
3.65x10-5 + 6.19x10-6 = ________________
g. 1.87x109 – 8.7x108 = __________________
h. 4.67x106 * 6.95x103 = _________________
i.
9.56x106 / 3.20x10-2 = _________________
Define and write the equation for density
7. Define density and write its equation
Know the value for the density of water
8. Write the value of density for pure water
Know what makes one substance more dense than a different substance
9. If you have 1 kg of lead and 1 kg of cotton, which takes up more space?
10. If you have a volume of 10 cm3 of lead and another volume of 10 cm3 of cotton, which one is heavier?
Know that the density of a substance does not depend on the size of the object.
11. Explain what happens to the density of a homogenous object (say a piece of paper) when we cut it in half
Calculate the density of an object, given its mass and volume.
12. Find the density of a plastic cube that has a volume of 3cm3 and a mass of 6.2 g
Calculate the density of an object, given its mass and volume.
13. Find the volume of the ball that has a mass of 500 g and a density of 1.68 g/ml
Calculate the mass of an object, given its density and volume.
14. Calculate the mass of a portfolio if you know its density is 2.3 g/ml and its volume is130 cm
Predict an objects relative density based on whether it floats or sinks in a liquid of known density (such as water).
15. You place three liquids that cannot mix in a beaker. You know the one labeled A is water (density of 1 g/ml), B
is an oil (density .7 g/ml), and C is a mysterious liquid whose density is 0.89 g/ml. Which of the liquids would be
on top, and which in the bottom.
Know the metric prefixes: kilo, centi, milli, micro
16. Define what each prefix means in terms of the unit value. For example, Kilo means 1000 times de unit value
a)Centi
b)Mili
c) Micro
Define metric system, unit conversion and conversion factors
17. Define the metric system and indicate in what number is the metric system based
18. Define metric conversion by indicating what do we use this for
19. Define a conversion factor (what is a conversion factor?)
Convert from one metric prefix to another using the table of metric prefixes.
20. Do the following metric conversions:
a. 53 m to cm
c. 0.9 mg to g
b. 145 kl to cl
d. 67 mm to km
Solve unit conversion problems involving more than one conversion factor.
a. You heard a loud thump! while walking the dog one evening. You turned around the broken tree to find a
meteorite! You called your meteorite hunter friend in Paris and she asks about the weight of the meteorite in
kilograms. You only have a balance that reads in ounces and find the meteorite’s mass to be 53 ounces. How
many kilograms is this equal to (2.2 pounds = 1 kilograms; 16 ounces = 1 pound)? Use conversion factors to
solve this problem in the space below.
b. A friend tells you he measured an oceanic current’s speed to be 5 m/s. How fast is that in miles per hour? Use
the following conversion factors to solve the problem :1 mile = 1508 m, 1 km = 1000 m; 1 h = 60 min; 1 min =
60 sec
Unit 2
Classification of Matter
Know these terms:
Use these terms to complete the web:
matter
pure substance
atom
homogenous mixture
element
solution
diatomic element
heterogenous mixture
molecule
compound
MATTER
Anything that has weight and takes up space
_________________________________
Matter which looks the same throughout
Can be either
__________________________________
Matter which looks different throughout
______________________
_____________________________
A kind of material with the same
composition throughout
Made up of 2 or more substances; are
physically combined; composition varies
throughout
______________________
Made up of more than one type of
atom; substance can be broken
down by simple chemical means
____________________
A substance which cannot be
broken down further
_________________________________
_______________
_
______________
Special Case: A homogenous mixture that is
physically combined
Smallest unit of an
element
Smallest unit of a
compound
Review the symbols and names of commonly used elements (p.22)
Identify the symbols and names of the 7 diatomic elements:
_____________________________
___________________________
_______________________
_____________________________
___________________________
_______________________
_____________________________
Distinguish between an element and a compound symbolically
Identify each as an Element (E) or a Compound (C )
______H2O
______CO2
______Au
______Br2
________He
______NaCl
Describe the difference between an element and a compound
Element:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Compound:
________________________________________________________________________________________
Distinguish between an atom and a molecule symbolically
Identify the following as an atom (A) or a molecule (M)
______ He
______NaCl
______CuBr
______H2
______SO4
_______Mg
Describe the difference between an atom and a molecule
Atom:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Molecule:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify examples of a homogenous mixture and a heterogenous mixture
Identify each of the following mixtures as homogeneous (HO) or heterogenous (HE)
______Table Salt (NaCl)
______Gold (Au)
_______Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough
______Lemonade
______Shampoo
_______Well-Mixed Salt Water
Describe the difference between physical and chemical changes
Change in Matter
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Definition:
Definition:
Signs of physical changes:
Signs of chemical changes:
Identify examples of chemical and physical changes
Label the following as a chemical change (C) or a physical change (P)
______glass breaking
______burning toast
______frying an egg
______a rusting nail
______spoiling (rotting) food
______making salt water ______melting ice cream ______mowing the lawn
Identify examples of chemical properties and physical properties
Identify the following as a chemical property (C) or a physical property (P)
______Color
______Taste
______Ability to rust
______Boiling point
______Ability to
dissolve
______Density
point
______Odor
______Melting point
______Flammability
______Freezing
Unit 3: Atomic structure, Periodic Table, and Sublevel Notation
.
Explain the difference between science and pseudoscience
Characteristics of Pseudoscience
Criteria for Scientific Models
Define: atom, neutron, proton, electron, atomic mass, atomic number
19
K
39.098
This is the number of ____________, positively charged
particles. This is also referred to as the
______________________
This is the _______________________, which you can calculate by
adding the number of _____________________ and
_____________________________
An _________ is the smallest unit of matter.
An _________________ is a negatively charged particle, with essentially no mass.
Now draw a sketch of a K atom, showing the correct location and number of neutrons, protons, and electrons:
Define: ion, cation, anion, oxidation number
Match the items to the statement. Some items can be used more than once, and some statements have two
correct answers. Fill in all answers that apply!
8. Has/have more electrons than protons.
9. Not an ion.
10. Cation(s)
11. Anion(s)
12. Has/have gained electrons.
13. Has/have lost electrons.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cl-2
K+1
F
Al+3
Looking at the ions in the box above, circle the oxidation numbers. Define oxidation number in your own
words:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Understand how the periodic table is organized. Know where important families are located. For more
help, read chapter 5, sections 1 & 2 (p. 124-140) in your textbook.
Using the periodic table above, color the Noble Gases red. Give the number of valence electrons of this family: _______
Color the Halogens green. Give the number of valence electrons of this family: ________
Circle the Diatomic Elements.
Shade in the Metalloids. On what side of the Metalloids are Metals located? ______________ Non-metals?
______________
Circle the direction of a Period: ↔ or ↕ and a Family: ↔ or ↕
Describe what elements in the same period have in common:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe what elements in the same family have in common:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe how properties (atomic radius, ionization energy, valence electrons) change going across a period
or down a column (family). Read p. 142-148 in your textbook.
Define: Atomic Radius
Define: Ionization Energy
How does this property change going across a
period? Increases/decreases (circle one)
How does this property change going across a
period? Increases/decreases (circle one)
…down a family? Increases/decreases (circle one)
…down a family? Increases/decreases (circle one)
Define Periodic and make a drawing to show what a periodic trend looks like:
Periodic means:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Periodic looks like:
Describe the main characteristics of different types of elements (metals, metalloids, non-metals). See p. 17-19 in
your book.
Fill in the Venn diagram below to show which properties are unique to metals, metalloids, and non-metals, and which
properties two groups may
share:
Metalloids
Non-Metals
Metals
Write
the electron
configuration for any element (sublevel notation) by
reading the periodic table
Give the sublevel notation for the following elements:
Carbon___________________________________________________________________________
Lead_____________________________________________________________________________
Copper___________________________________________________________________________
Identify the following elements according to their sublevel notations:
1s22s22p63s23p5 ________
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9 __________
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d5 _________
Write the electron configuration using the noble gas short hand
Give the sublevel notation for the following elements, using the noble gas short hand
Cl __________________________________________________________________
Pr___________________________________________________________________
Sb___________________________________________________________________
Find the oxidation number of elements by:
a) drawing the atomic sketch of the element or b) looking at the periodic table
Draw the atomic sketch for As AND show its number of valence electrons using an electron dot symbol, for example,
X
Draw the atomic sketch for Ba AND show its number of valence electrons using an electron dot symbol
Describe how you can tell the number of valence electrons from looking at the atomic sketch:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is another way you can tell the number of valence electrons, by looking at the periodic table?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unit 4: Copper lab, Writing formulas, Naming compounds
Define Reactant and products, precipitate, exothermic and endothermic reactions and signs of each
Write the definition of the following terms:
1. Reactants and products
2. Precipitate
3. Exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction
Define the symbols (aq), (s), (l), (g), and explain when to use these symbols
In the reaction below, explain what do the symbols (aq), (l), (g) mean.
Cl2(g) + KBr(aq) → KCl(aq) + Br2(l)
What is the difference between the following symbols for hydrochloric acid
HCl(aq) and HCl(l)
Describe five signs that a chemical change has occurred
List five evidences that a chemical change has occurred, and provide examples for each from the copper lab
Describe the following laboratory techniques: decanting, water bath and gravity filtration
Describe each of the following lab procedures by indicating what the main goal for using the procedure is, and
indicate when you would use them.
1. Decanting
2. Water bath
3. Gravity filtration
Describe the criss-cross method for writing chemical formulas based on the fact that compounds have no overall
charge.
Write down the steps you would take for writing the chemical formula of a given compound (criss cross method)
Write a correct chemical formula (in symbols) for a compound when you are given its name in words
Write the correct chemical formula for the following compounds:
1. potassium chromate
2. magnesium nitrate
3. copper I phosphate
4. copper II phosphate
5. ammonium sulfate
6. iron II dichromate
7. iron III dichromate
8. copper I bromide
9. copper II bromide
10. magnesium oxide
Write the correct name for a compound when you are given its chemical formula (in symbols)
Write down the steps you would take for naming compounds given its formula
Write the correct name for the following compounds:
1. K3N
2. Fe2(CO3)3
3. Sn(Cr2O7)
4. (NH4)2(SO4)
5. Ag2(SO3)
6. NO3
7. Li(OH)
8. SF6
9. C I4
10. Pb(C2H3O2)2
11. BaCl2
12. Cs3P2
13. Sr(NO2)2
14. Cr(SO4)
15. Zn3(PO4)2
Write a correct chemical reaction, including the reactants and products
Write the symbols for the following equation, including the symbols (aq), (l), (g) ot (s) for each compound. Circle the
reactants and square the products
1. Silver sulfate dissolved in water and pieces of sodium yield a precipitate of silver and a solution of sodium sulfate
dissolved in water
2. The solutions of Lead II nitrate and potassium iodide, both dissolved in water, produce a precipitate of lean iodide
and the diluted solution of potassium nitrate
Unit 5: Reaction Types and predicting products
The five major types of reactions: combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and
combustion of a hydrocarbon.
Identify the following reaction types:
A + B → AB ____________________________________
A + BC → B + AC __________________________________________
CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O ________________________________________________
AB → A + B _______________________________________________
AB + CD → AC + BD _____________________________________________________
Which reaction types have “subtypes” that require you to use the chart for predicting products?
__________________________________ and ________________________________________
Describe the characteristics for the five types of reaction that can be used for identifying them.
A reaction with one reactant must be ______________________________________________
A reaction with one product must be ________________________________________________
A reaction with a compound whose formula is CxHy and whose products are CO2 and H2O must be:
___________________________________________________________________________
A reaction with two compounds as reactants and products is: __________________________________
A reaction with one element and one compound as reactants is: _________________________________
Identify the five types of reactions
Write the type of reaction for the following chemical reactions
_____________1. Al + S
Al2S3
_____________
2. Au2O3
Au + O2
_____________
3. H2 + N2
_____________
4.
_____________
5. Zn
_____________
6. LiOH + H2SO4
_____________
7. Cl2 + NaI
_____________
8. K+ H2O
NaF
NH3
Na+ F2
+ HNO3
H2
+ Zn(NO3)2
Li2SO4 + H2O
NaCl + I2
KOH + H2
_____________
9. AgNO3 + AlCl3
_____________
10. CH4
+ O2
AgCl + Al(NO3)3
CO2
+ H2O
Identify the subtypes of reaction for decomposition and single replacement
Write the subtype of each reaction below. Use your chart of subtypes to help you.
__________________________________________________1. KClO3 → KCl + O2
__________________________________________________2. NaOH → Na2O + H2O
__________________________________________________3. Cl2 + CaI2 → CaCl2 + I2
__________________________________________________4. CaCl2 → Ca + Cl2
__________________________________________________5. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
__________________________________________________6. Zn + AlCl3 → ZnCl2 + Al
Predict the products of a reaction (remembering to use criss-cross and HONClBrIF
Write the products of the following reactions. Indicate the type of reaction as well
1. Au2O3
2. H2 + N2
3. Zn + HNO3
4. LiOH + H2SO4
5. Cl2 + NaI
6. Al + N2
7.K + H2O
8. AgNO3 + AlCl3
9. CH4 + O2
10. Fe2(CO3)3
11. Cr + H2SO4
Unit 6
Balancing Reactions
Relate the conservation of matter to the rearrangement of atyoms in a chemical formula
Explain what is the purpose of balancing equations
Write and interpret a balanced chemical equation for a reaction, and relate conservation of matter to the
balanced equation
Determine if the following equations are balanced or not
1. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 It is balanced
2. Al + 3 N2
3.
K + H2O
AlN3
K(OH) + H2
Balnce the following reactions
1. _____ KClO3 → _____ KCl +_____O2
2. _____NaOH → _____Na2O + _____H2O
3. _____Cl2 + _____CaI2 → _____CaCl2 + _____I2
4. _____NaCl → _____Na + _____Cl2
5. _____Zn + _____AlCl3 → _____ZnCl2 +_____ Al
6. _____ Au2O3
_____ Au + O2
7. _____H2 + _____ N2
8. _____ Zn + _____HNO3
9. _____
LiOH + _____ H2SO4
_____ H3N
_____ Zn(NO3)2 + _____H2
_____ Li2(SO4) + _____H2O