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World War II By Tiffany Buttler, Jason Drury, & Min Kim First, a Look at the Outcome of WWI Treaty of Versailles ¤ The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series ¤ The French and others wanted revenge and reparations. They wanted to make it so that Germany could never initiate such a war again - they wanted a Germany stripped of its wealth and armed forces ¤ They wanted a League of Nations to protect all countries from aggression ¤ The League only lasted for 27 years with the onset of WWII as a sign of failure. It was replaced by the United Nations after WWI ¤ Ferdinand Foch said, “This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years” Timeline ¤ Officially September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945 ¤ Allies - U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia ¤ Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria ¤ Severity of war is measured by the total number of battle connected deaths suffered by all participants in the war combined: Approximately 72 million ¤ It was the bloodiest, deadliest war the world had ever seen. More than 50 nations took part in the war, and it was the most destructive war in history. Fighting raged in many parts of the world ¤ Estimated economic effect- $1 trillion in 1945 Statistics Dozens of cities laid were largely reduced to rubble after the dust settled from WWII - London, Liverpool and Stalingrad, Salzburg, Hiroshima and Nagasaki to name only a few. Outcomes ¤ Two WWII Allies became two new superpowers - The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - which led to a bipolar world and the rise of the Cold War ¤ The League of Nations had failed and gave way to the Allie created United Nations ¤ The goal of the United Nations was to promote international cooperation ¤ The War also increased the rate of decolonization ¤ Due to the post WWII bipolar nature of the new world, there was a creation of “Third World Countries” who did not want to engage in either side of the Cold War Marxist Liberal Theory of War ¤ It is widely held that WWI was caused by imperialist rivalry of foreign territory ¤ Wealth and power depended on Colonial possessions ¤ Germany, a late comer to imperialistic conquests, was beginning to test its strength in the balance of power ¤ Militarization of nations picked up with imperialist nations trying to stay ahead of one another. ¤ Alliances were made with Germany, Austria/ Hungary and Italy, and others made alliances like Russia and France and later with Great Britain ¤ Austria declared war against Serbia and the allies all started folding in Nationalism ¤ Nationalism had heightened tensions between nations during WWI which worked on the patriotic passions within each nation ¤ The previous arms race had nations equating their preservation to its military strength which made it seem that war was inevitable ¤ National desires to gain control of the world’s resources ¤ Germany’s resources were being stripped through reparations. ¤ What could bring about a renewal of Nationalism and pride within Germany? Scapegoat Theory ¤ $32 billion in reparations from Germany as the sole responsibility for causing the WWI ($393 billion today) ¤ Economy was in a depression in the 1920’s following the war ¤ Reparations took the form of coal, steel and agricultural products ¤ Germany also lost much of its territory and surrendered control of colonies ¤ Jews blamed as selling Germany out to the allies ¤ Rise of Nazi party and Adolf Hitler ¤ Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party used the unrest and discontent of the people to use the Communists, Jews and Democratic Politicians as scapegoats for Germany's troubles Psychohistorical ¤ Hitler: ¤ In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany ¤ He quickly worked with the Nazi party to limit civil liberties, deny rights to minorities, and make the Nazi party the sole party ¤ Night of the Long Knives and Hindenburg’s death ¤ Killed millions of Jews, Gypsies, and political enemies in the concentration camps ¤ Stalin: ¤ After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin was able to maneuver his way to the role of leader of the Soviet Union, usually through murder ¤ Imprisoned millions in labor camps, killing many of his own people ¤ Initially was allied with Germany, and only switched to the Allied side after Germany attacked Russia ¤ Both leaders were psychotic and power hungry people who killed millions of people, not only through war, but through death camps as well Ideology ¤ After Hitler and the Nazi party came to power, they quickly made their Ideology the only one ¤ Gleichschaltung – removal of all known oppenents of the Nazi party (March 1933) ¤ The Nazi party publicly burned “Un-German” books (May 1933) ¤ In the election at the end of 1933, the Nazi party won 92% of the votes, showing that their “campaign” had worked Appeasement/Munich Analogy ¤ Hitler believed that Germany required living space (‘Lebensraum’) in order to survive ¤ Austria: ¤ Hitler annexed Austria in March of 1938. ¤ France and England chose not to do anything as they were not prepared for war ¤ Czechoslovakia: ¤ After Austria, Hitler turned to the northern area of Czechoslovakia in Sept. 1938, which housed mostly German people ¤ This is when the Munich Conference was held, where France and England again did nothing to stop Hitler ¤ Poland: ¤ In Sept. of 1939, Hitler moved to take over Poland. ¤ Due to a treaty with Poland, the British and French finally declared war on Germany Territory/Expansionism ¤ Expanding the territorial base or economic influence of a country, usually be means of military aggression ¤ Germany and Italy began before any military hostilities ¤ Examples) Czechoslovakia, Austria ¤ Creation of Poland- never accepted by Germans but wanted to expand to to Baltic Seat and border with Russia ¤ Italy’s expansion led by Mussolini, wanted to create New Roman Empire ¤ Examples) moving against Abyssinia on the border of Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia ¤ Japan’s aggression in Asia- need for raw materials ¤ Examples) first invasion of Manchuria securing oil and iron Balance of Power ¤ Posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side ¤ 2 ways: increasing their own power, adding to their own power that of other states ¤ Formed single balance of power system from WWI ¤ Continued in WWII- Fascism(Germany, Japan, Italy) opposed Global Alliances (US, UK, SU, China) ¤ Shifted from Western and Central Europe to US & Soviet Union ¤ Result- bipolar balance of power across half of the globe, free-market democracies ¤ Example) US & Western Europe in NATO military alliance (April 1949) vs. SU & Eastern Europe in Warsaw Pact(May 1955) Theory to explain US decision to enter WWII ¤ First American Volunteer group in China to assist Chinese war effort- Chennault’s Flying Tigers ¤ Franklin Roosevelt cut exports of oil and scrap iron to Japan in 1941 ¤ Japan planned attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 ,1941 ¤ Severely damaged U.S Navy and remains the largest military attack on U.S soil ¤ Hitler declared war on US on Dec 11, 1941- hoping Japan would attack Soviet Union (didn’t happen) ¤ Turning point of war in Europe- formation of grand alliances of powerful nations (US, UK, SU) Fear ¤ Pearl Harbor attack launched fear of national security in West Coast ¤ Feb 1942, President Roosevelt relocating all persons of Japanese ancestry (citizens, aliens) outside of military zone ¤ Objectives- prevent espionage and to protect persons of Japanese descent from harm (antiJapanese attitudes) ¤ 117,000 people (2/3 native born US citizens) affected and sent to permanent relocation centers (camps) outside the restricted military zones ¤ Eating in common facilities, having limited opportunities interrupted social and cultural pattern Fear- continued ¤ August 6 & 9, 1945- 2 bombing in Hiroshima & Nagasaki, fist time to use nuclear weapon in war ¤ 90,000-166,000 killed in Hiroshima & 60,000-80,000 killed in Nagasaki= 150,000-246,000 ¤ About half of the deaths happened on the first day of bombing ¤ Japan surrendered to Allies on August 15 ¤ Signed instrument of surrender and ended World War II on September 2 Questions ¤ Why do some scholars believe that the Treaty of Versailles contained in itself the seed of WWII? ¤ What caused the Ruhr Crisis and how did this crisis influence the political climate in Germany? Explain. ¤ What was the purpose of establishing the NATO? When did it happen. ¤ How many Japanese people were killed through the effects of radiation, as a consequence of nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? ¤ What would you say is the main cause of war for WWII specifically? Explain. ¤ Any other questions?