Download Reconstruction Reconstruction Plans

Slide 1
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Reconstruction
Post-Civil War
-Chapters 17 & 18
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Slide 2
Reconstruction
• Lincoln vs. Congress
– They differed in their reconstruction views
• Reconstruction: the process of readmitting
the former Confederate states to the Union
(lasted from 1865-1877)
• The South had been severely damaged by war
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Cities, towns, and farms had been ruined
Many southerners faced starvation
Banks failed
merchants went bankrupt
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Slide 3
Reconstruction Plans
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Lincoln’s Plan
– The Ten Percent Plan
• Offered amnesty, or official pardon, to southerners
• Southerners had to swear allegiance to the Union and agree that
slavery was illegal
• New state governments could be formed once 10 percent of
voters had made these pledges
• Lincoln wanted to restore order quickly
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Congress Plan
– Wade-Davis Bill
• To be readmitted, a state had to ban slavery, and majority of
adult males had to take a loyalty oath
• Only southerners who swore they had never supported the
Confederacy could vote or hold office
• Lincoln refused to sign the bill into law
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Slide 4
The End of the Civil War meant freedom for the
African Americans in the South
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• One thing Republicans agreed on was
abolishing slavery
• Lincoln urged Congress to propose the 13th
Amendment
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– Made slavery illegal in the United States
– Amendment ratified on December 18, 1865
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• Remember the Emancipation Proclamation only freed
the blacks of the Confederate states
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Slide 5
Freedom Brought Changes
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Newly freed slaves faced many changes
• Married couples could legalize their marriages
• Families searched for members who had been sold away
• Many moved from mostly white counties to places with more
African Americans
• Freed people demanded same economic and political rights
as white citizens
• Many former slaves wanted their own land to farm
• Many white planters refused to surrender their land
• The U.S. government returned land to its original owners
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Creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau
• Established by Congress in 1865
• Provided education & medical care to
former slaves and to help protect their
legal rights
• Established 3,000 schools & several universities
Slide 6
After Lincoln’s assassination Andrew
Johnson became President
 Reconstruction
• President Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865
• Johnson's Reconstruction plan was similar to Lincoln’s but
included the need for wealthy southerners and former confederate
officials to receive presidential pardons in order to receive
amnesty
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 New State Governments
• Johnson appointed a temporary governor to lead each state
• States were required to revise their constitutions and declare that
secession was illegal
• States had to ratify the thirteenth amendment and refuse to pay
confederate debts
• All southern states except Texas had created new governments
by 1865
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• Johnson declared the union to be restored, but congress refused to
readmit southern states into the union because too many newly elected
representatives had been leaders of the confederacy
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Slide 7
The Fight over Reconstruction
 The return to power of the pre-war southern leadership led republicans in
congress to take control of reconstruction
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 Main ideas
• Black codes led to opposition to president Johnson's plan
for reconstruction
• Laws created to bring back slavery conditions
• The fourteenth amendment ensured
citizenship to for African Americans
• Radical republicans in congress took
charge of reconstruction
• The fifteenth amendment gave
African Americans the right to vote
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Slide 8
Passing the Fourteenth Amendment
• Defined all people born or naturalized in the United States,
except Native Americans, as citizens.
• Guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law
• Said states could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law”
• Banned many former Confederate officials from holding state or federal
offices
• Made state laws subject to federal court review
• Gave Congress the power to pass any laws needed to enforce
the amendment
• This amendment was a key issue in the 1866 congressional
elections
• Riots and violence occurred
• Republicans won a commanding two thirds majority in the House
of Senate, giving them the power to override any presidential veto
• Passed several Reconstruction Acts of 1867
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• Divided the South into five military districts until the south rejoins the Union
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Slide 9
5 Military Districts
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Slide 10
Getting rid of President Johnson
 Impeachment
• Johnson opposed Republican Reconstruction
• Congress passed laws limiting his power
• Johnson broke the law when he fired Secretary
of War Edwin Stanton
• House of Representatives voted to impeach him
• Impeachment –process used by the legislative body to bring
charges of wrongdoing against a public official
• Senate did not convict Johnson, but his power was greatly reduced
• First president to be impeached
• Johnson did not run for reelection in 1868
 Election of 1868
• War hero General Ulysses S. Grant elected president
• He appealed to northern voters
• His slogan was “Let Us Have Peace”
• Hundreds of thousands of African Americans also voted for Grant
• He was from the “party of Lincoln”
• African American votes helped Grant win a narrow victory
Slide 11
Reconstruction Struggles in the South
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The Big Idea
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Main Ideas
• As reconstruction ended, African Americans faced new hurdles and the
South attempted to rebuild
• Reconstruction governments helped reform the South
• The Klu Klux Klan was organized as African Americans moved into
positions of power
• Created by groups of white southerners in Tennessee in 1866
• Secret society opposed to civil rights, particularly suffrage, for African
Americans
• They used violence and terror to scare African Americans
• Local governments did little to stop the violence
• As Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans were restricted
• Southern business leaders relied on industry to rebuild the South
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Slide 12
Rebuilding the South
• Reconstruction governments helped reform South
• Republicans controlled most southern
governments but were unpopular with
white southerners
• Northern-born Republicans who moved south after the
war were called carpet baggers
• Many tried to get rich off of selling goods to the south
• White southern Republicans were called scalawags
• African Americans were the largest group of
southern Republican voters
• Hiram Revels was first African American in U.S. Senate
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Slide 13
Rights of African Americans were Restricted
 Redeemer Governments
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Democrats regained control of governments in the south and were called
Redeemers by southerners
Set up a poll tax to deny African Americans the vote
Introduced illegal segregation, forced separation of whites and African Americans in
public places, through Jim Crow laws
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Ruled that civil rights act of 1875 was unconstitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation was allowed if
“separate-but-equal” facilities were provided
 Sharecropping
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Helped reinforce segregation
 Supreme court
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Few African Americans could afford to buy or rent farms
South created a sharecropping system
Provided labor to land-owners and sharing their crops with them
Share croppers faced debt
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Slide 14
The Advancement of Miners, Ranchers, & Railroads
 The Big Idea
• As more settlers moved west, mining, ranching, and railroads
soon transformed the western landscape
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Main Ideas
• A mining boom brought growth to the west
• The demand for cattle created a short-lived Cattle Kingdom on the
Great Plains
• East and West were connected by the transcontinental railroad
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Slide 15
Mining brought Growth to the West
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Americans continued to move west during the 1800’s
• American frontier reached the Pacific Ocean when California was added
to the Union in 1850
• Settlers built homes, ranches, and farms
• Railroads expanded west to bring western goods to eastern markets
• Mining companies shipped gold and silver east from western mines
 Mining in the West
• Mining became big business with discoveries of large deposits of precious
metals, such as the Comstock Lode in Nevada
• Miners from all over the world came to work in the western mines
• Boomtowns grew quickly when a mine opened and
often disappeared quickly when the mine closed
• Some boomtowns later turned into Ghost towns
• Mining was dangerous.
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Slide 16
Equipment was unsafe
Miners had to breath hot, stuffy air that causes lung disease
Poorly planned explosions & cave-ins injured or killed miners
Fires were also a threat
The Cattle Kingdom
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The demand for cattle created a short-lived Cattle Kingdom on the Great Plains
• Increasing demand for beef helped the cattle industry grow
• Cattle ranchers in Texas drove herds to Abilene and Kansas, to be
shipped east
• Cattle ranching spread across the Great Plains
• Creating the Cattle Kingdom that stretched from Texas to Canada
• Ranchers grazed huge herds on public land called the open range
• Competition, the invention of barbed wire, and the loss of prairie
grass brought an end to the Cattle Kingdom
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The demand for cattle created more Cowboys
• Cowboys were workers who took care of ranchers’ cattle
• They borrowed many techniques from vaqueros
• Mexican ranch hands
• One of their most important duties was the cattle drive
• The Chisholm Trail was a popular route for cattle drives
• Life in cattle towns was often rough and violent
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Slide 17
Creating the Transcontinental Railroad
 East and West were connected by the transcontinental railroad
• Growth of the West created a need for communication across the
country
• The Pony Express carried messages on a route 2,000 miles long
• Telegraph lines put the Pony Express out of business
• Demand for a transcontinental railroad grew
• Congress passed the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 & 1864
• Gave railroad companies loans and land grants
• The railroads agreed to carry mail and troops at a lower cost
 The Great Race
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• In the race to complete a transcontinental railroad
• Central Pacific started in San Francisco and worked east
• Many were Irish immigrants, African Americans, & former Civil War soldiers
• Union Pacific started in Omaha and worked west
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• Many were Chinese immigrants
• Geography and weather posed many challenges
• May 10, 1869, the railroad lines joined tracks with a golden spike
and Promontory, Utah
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Slide 18
Promontory Point
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Slide 19
Struggle over Land
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The Treaty of Fort Laramie recognized Native American claims to the Great Plains
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U.S. government negotiated new treaties after gold was discovered in Colorado
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It allowed the United states to build forts and travel across Native American lands
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Areas of federal land set aside for them
Movement of pioneers and miners across the Great Plains and through Native
American hunting grounds led to conflict with the Sioux, led by Crazy Horse
Most southern Plains Indians agreed to go to reservations under the 1867 Treaty of
Medicine Lodge
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Comanche continued to fight until 1875
When Native Americans resisted confinement on reservations U.S. troops forced
them to go
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Put Native Americans on reservations
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Native Americans called African American cavalry “buffalo soldiers”
Most Native Americans had stopped fighting by the 1800’s
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Except the Apache, led by Geronimo, who fought until 1886
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Slide 20
Fighting on the Plains
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Northern Plains
• Battles with the Sioux throughout the 1800’s
• In 1876 George Armstrong Custer’s troops were defeated by Sioux
forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull at the Battle of Little
Bighorn, the Sioux’s last major victory
• U.S. troops killed about 150 Sioux in the Massacre at Wounded Knee in
1890
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Southwest
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Navajo refused to settle on reservations
U.S. troops raided Navajo fields, homes, and live stalk
Out of food and shelter, the Navajo surrendered
Navajo were forced on a 300-mile march, known as the Long Walk, to a
reservation and countless died
Far West
• Initially the United States promised to let the Nez Perce keep their
Oregon land
• Later, the government demanded land
• Fighting broke out
• U.S. troops forced the Nez Perce to a reservation in what is now
Oklahoma where many died
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Slide 21
End of an Era
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Despite efforts to reform U.S. policy toward Native Americans, conflict continued
• Ghost Dance Movement
• Native Americans would put ash on their faces and dance around the fire
trying to summon their dead ancestors for help
• Predicted the arrival of paradise for Native Americans
• Misunderstood by U.S. officials
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• Feared it would lead to rebellion
• Gradually died out after the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890
• Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887
• Made land ownership among Native American Society
• Tried to lessen traditional influences of Native American society so as to
encourage them to adopt the ways of white people
• Ended up taking about two thirds of Native American land
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Slide 22
Life on the Great Plains
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Many Americans started new lives on the Great Plains
• Two important land-grant acts helped open the West to
settlers in 1862
• The Homestead Act gave government land to farmers
• The Morrill Act gave federal land to states to sell in
order to fund colleges to teach agriculture and
engineering
• Thousands of southern African Americans, known as
Exodusters, moved to Kansas
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Oklahoma Sooners
Slide 23
New Lives in the West
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Farming
• Breaking up tough grass on the Plains earned farmers
the nickname “sodbusters”
• 1880s -Mechanical farming was becoming common
• 1890s -Farms began dry farming, growing hardy crops
such as red wheat
• Crops were shipped east by train and then overseas
• The Great Plains became known as the “breadbasket
of the world”
• Breadbasket is a place that grows or produces a lot of food
• By the 1890’s, the western frontier had come to an end
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