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AC Fundamental Constants Savely G Karshenboim Pulkovo observatory (St. Petersburg) and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (Garching) Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why astrophysics? Cosmology: changing universe. Inflation: variation of constants. Pulsars: astrophysical clocks. Quasars: light from a very remote past. Why clocks? Frequency: most accurately measured. Different clocks: planetary motion, pulsars, atomic, molecular and nuclear clocks – different dependence on the fundamental constants. Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why astrophysics? Why clocks? Cosmology: changing Frequency: most universe. accurately measured. Inflation: variation of Different clocks: But: constants. planetary motion, everything related to astrophysics is pulsars, atomic, Pulsars: astrophysical molecular and nuclear clocks. model dependent and not transparent. clocks – different Quasars: light from a dependence on the very remote past. fundamental constants. [Optical] Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why atomic clocks? Frequency measurements are most accurate up to date. Different atomic and molecular transitions differently depend on fundamental constants (a, me/mp, gp etc). Why optical? Optical clocks have been greatly improved and will be improved further. They allow a transparent modelindependent interpretation in terms of a variation. Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why atomic clocks? Why optical? Optical clocks have Frequency Up to now the optical measurements been greatly improved measurements are most are theup only source forand accurate and will be improved accurate to date. further. constraints reliable model-independent Different atomic and They allow a on a possible time variation of constants. molecular thansitions differently depend on fundamental constants (a, me/mp, gp etc). transparent modelindependent interpretation in terms of a variation. Outline Are fundamental constants: fundamental? constants? Measurements and fundamental constants Fundamental constants & units of physical quantities Determination of fundamental constants Precision frequency measurements & variation of constants Various fundamental constants Origin of the constants in modern physics Clocks for fundamental physics Advantages and disadvantages of laboratory searches Recent results in frequency metrology Current laboratory constraints Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws. Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws. These laws themselves can provide no quantitive predictions. Certain quantitive parameters enter the expression of these laws. Some enter very different equations from various fields. Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws. These laws themselves can provide no quantitive predictions. Certain quantitive parameters enter the expression of these laws. Some enter very different equations from various fields. Such universal parameters are recognized as fundamental physical constants. The fundamental constants are a kind of interface to apply these basic laws to a quantitive description of Nature. Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. Just in case: G is the gravitaiton constant; g is acceleration of free fall. Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time a – property of a universal interaction Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time a – property of a universal interaction Just in case: a is the fine structure constant: which is e2/4pe0ħc. Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time a – property of a universal interaction me, mp – properties of individual elementary particles Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS ...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time a – property of a universal interaction me, mp – properties of individual elementary particles cesium HFS, carbon atomic mass – properties of specific compound objects Lessons to learn: A variation of certain constants already took place according to the inflation model. a is likely the most fundamental of phenomenological constants (the masses are not!) accessible with high accuracy. Lessons to learn: A variation of certain constants already took place according to the inflation model. a is likely the most The fundamental only reasonoftophenomenological be sure constants (the masses not!) `constant´is accessible with high that a are certain accuracy. a constant is to trace its origine and check. Units Physics is based on measurements and a measurement is always a comparison. Still there is a substantial difference between a relative measurement (when we take advantage of some relations between two values we like to compare) and an absolute measurements (when a value to compare with has been fixed by an agreement – e.g. SI). Fundamental constants & units for physical quantities Early time: units are determined by humans (e.g. foot) Earth (e.g. g = 9.8 m/s, day) water (e.g. r = 1 g/cm3; Celsius temperature scale) Sun (year) Now we change most of our definitions but keep size of the units! The fundamental scale is with atoms and particles and most of constants are » 1 or « 1. Fundamental constants & units for physical quantities Early time: units are determined by humans (e.g. foot) Earth (e.g. g = 9.8 m/s, day) water (e.g. r = 1 g/cm3; Celsius temperature scale) Sun (year) Now we change most of our definitions but keep size of the units! The fundamental scale is with atoms and particles and most of constants are » 1 or « 1. An only constant ~ 1 is Ry ~ 13.6 eV (or IH ~ 13.6 V) since all electric potentials were linked to atomic and molecular energy. Towards natural units Kilogram is defined via an old-fashion way: an artifact. Second is defined via a fixed value of cesium HFS f = 9 192 631 770 Hz (Hz = 1/s). Metre is defined via a fixed value of speed of light c = 299 792 458 m/s . If we consider 1/f as a natural unit of time, and c as a natural unit of velocity, then their numerical values play role of conversion factors: 1 s = 9 192 631 770 × 1/f, 1 m/s = (1/299 792 458) × c. Those numerical factors are needed to keep the values as they were introduced a century ago what is a great illusion of SI. The fundamental constants serve us both as natural units and as conversion factors. Towards natural units Kilogram is defined via an old-fashion way: an artifact. Second is defined via a fixed value of cesium HFS f = 9 192 631 770 Hz (Hz = 1/s). Metre is defined via a fixed value of speed of light c = 299 792 458 m/s . If the constants are changing the units If we consider 1/f as a natural unit of time, and c as a natural unit of are velocity, then theiras numerical values play role of conversion changing well. factors: 1 s = 9 192 631 770 × 1/f, 1 m/s = (1/299 792 458) × c. Those numerical factors are needed to keep the values as they were introduced a century ago what is a great illusion of SI. The fundamental constants serve us both as natural units and as conversion factors. Constants & their numerical values We have to distinguish clearly between fundamental constants and their numerical values. The Rydberg constant is defined via e, h, me, e0 and c. It has no relation to cesium and its hyperfine structure (nuclear magnetic moment). While the numerical value of the Rydberg constant 2 × {Ry} = 9 192 631 770 / {Cs HFS}At.un. is related to cesium and SI, but not to Ry. If e.g. we look for variation of constants suggesting a variation of cesium magnetic moment, the numerical value of Ry will vary, while the constant itself will not. Progress in determination of fundamental constants This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, me/mp) and moderate for others. Progress in determination of fundamental Note: the progressconstants is not necessary an increase of accuracy, This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, me/mp) and moderate for others. Progress in determination of fundamental constants This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, me/mp) and moderate for others. Lessons to learn: If fundamental constants are changing, the units are changing as well. Variation of a dimensional quantity can in principle be detected. However, it is easier to deal with dimensionless quantities, or numerical values in well-defined units. Lessons to learn: Fundamental constants have been measured not so accurately as we need. We have to look for consequenses of their variations for most precision measured quantities. One can note from accuracy of the Rydberg constant: those are frequencies. Optical frequency measurements Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Optical frequency measurements Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate morelarge oscillations in a givenfrequency period they wave lengths for accuratemore accurate. comparisons and are potentially measurements. conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Optical frequency measurements Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate more oscillations in a given period they large wave lengths That is possible because of frequency frequency comb for accurate comparisons and which precision comparisons aretechnology potentially moreoffers accurate. measurements. conventional optics to optics and optics to RF. macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Optical frequency measurements & a variations Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate more oscillations in a given period they large wave lengths That is possible because of frequency frequency comb for accurate comparisons and which precision comparisons aretechnology potentially moreoffers accurate. measurements. conventional optics to optics and optics to RF. Meantime comparing various optical transitions macroscopic to cesium HFS we look for their variationand at the level of a part in 1015 per a electromagnetic year. frequency range. What is the frequency comb? When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains fopt+nfrf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2 ... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. Each comd line can be presented as foff+nfrep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency f with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where fmax < 2×fmix. That is achieved by using special fibers. With octave one can express foff in terms of frep. What is the frequency comb? When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains fopt+nfrf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2 ... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. Each comd line can be presented as foff+nfrep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency f with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where fmax < 2×fmix. That is achieved by using special fibers. With octave one can express foff in terms of frep. What is the frequency comb? When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains fopt+nfrf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2 ... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. Each comd line can be presented as foff+nfrep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency F with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where fmax < 2fmix. That is achieved by using special fibers. With octave one can express foff in terms of frep. What is the frequency comb? A measurement is a When an optical signal is comparison of an optical modulated by an rf, the frequency F with a comb results contains fopt+nfrf, line, determining their where n = 0, ±1, ± 2 ... differnce which is in rf When the rf signal is very domain. unharmonic, n can be really An important issue is an large. octave, i.e. a spectrum where fmax < 2fmix. For the comb one starts with Presence of regular reference femtosecond pulses. That is achieved by lines, using distance between is in rf domain, specialwhich fibers. Each comd line can be across all theoctave visible one spectrum With can express presented as foff+nfrep. (and a substantial paft of foff in terms of IR frepand . UV) allows a comparison of two opical lines, or an optical againts a radio frequency. Optical frequency measurements & a variations Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate I regret to inform you more oscillations in a given period they large wave lengths frequency That is possible because of frequency comb that theoffers result for the for accurate comparisons and which precision comparisons aretechnology potentially more accurate. Meantime comparing various optical transitions measurements. conventional optics to optics and optics to RF. variations is negative. to cesium HFS we look for their variationand at the macroscopic level of a part in 1015 per a electromagnetic year. frequency range. Optical frequency measurements & a variations Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate I regret to inform you more oscillations in a given period they large wave lengths frequency That is possible because of frequency comb that theoffers result for the for accurate comparisons and which precision comparisons aretechnology potentially more accurate. Meantime comparing various optical transitions measurements. conventional optics to optics and optics to RF. variations is negative. to cesium HFS we look for their variationand at the macroscopic level of few parts in 1015 perelectromagnetic a year. I am sorry! frequency range. Optical frequency measurements & a variations Length measurements Clocks used to be are related to optics related to RF Now: clocks enter optics and because of since RF has too because of accurate I regret to inform you more oscillations in a given period they large wave lengths frequency That is possible because of frequency comb that theoffers result for the for accurate comparisons and which precision comparisons aretechnology potentially more accurate. Meantime comparing various optical transitions measurements. conventional optics to optics and optics to RF. variations is negative. to cesium HFS we look for their variationand at the macroscopic level of few parts in 1015 perelectromagnetic a year. I am really sorry! frequency range. Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Clocks Atomic and molecular transitions: their scaling with a, me/mp etc. Advantages and disadvantages of clocks to search the variations. Recent progress. Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Clock frequency = atomic frequency Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Clock frequency = atomic frequency Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An artificial device designed for a purpose. The corrections (wall shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Clock frequency = atomic frequency Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An artificial device designed for a Clock frequency purpose. atomic frequency(wall The corrections shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Atomic Clocks Caesium clock An artificial device designed for a Clock frequency purpose. Locked to an atomic frequency(wall The corrections unperturbed atomic shift) are not under If we like to look for a variation frequency. control. of natural constants we have Unpredictable drift – All corrections are to deal with standards similar bad long term under control. to caesium clock. stability. Primary standard: Clock frequency = atomic frequency Hydrogen maser Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Hydrogen maser An articitial device Primary standard: designed for a Clock frequency = purpose. Clock frequency atomic frequency To work with such atomic anear primary The corrections Locked to an frequency(wall clock is the same as toshift) measure are not under unperturbed atomic If we like to lookinfor aor variation control. an atomic frequency SI other frequency. of natural constants we have Unpredictable drift – appropriate All corrections areunits. bad long term to deal with standards similar under control. to caesium clock. stability. Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structure Ry Fine structure a2 × Ry HFS structure a2 × mNucl/mB × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(a) Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structure Ry Fine structure a2 × Ry HFS structure a2 × mNucl/mB × Ry corrections a) That isRelativistic what one can easily derive × forF( hydrogen. More complicated atoms lead to more complicated calculation of numerical factors. Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structure Ry Fine structure a2 × Ry HFS structure a2 × mNucl/mB × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(a) Characteristic electron velocity in an atom is ac/n. Scaling of molecular transitions Electronic transitions Ry Vibrational transitions (me/mp)1/2 × Ry Non-harmonic corrections × F ((me/mp)1/4) Rotational transitions me/mp × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(a) Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Gross structure Fine structure HFS structure Relativistic corrections Molecular transitions Electronic transitions Vibrational transitions Rotational transitions Relativistic corrections Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Molecular transitions Gross structure Electronic transitions date the most accurate results Up Finetostructure Non-harmonic have been obtained forcorrections atomic transitions HFS structure related to gross and HFS structure. Rotational Relativistic transitions corrections Others are not competitive. Relativistic corrections Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Molecular transitions structure ThatisGross not so bad because Electronic transitions date the most accurate results Up Finetostructure Non-harmonic the relativistic corrections have been obtained forcorrections atomic transitions are large. HFS structure related to gross and HFS structure. Rotational Relativistic transitions corrections Sometimes really large. Others – are not competitive. Relativistic corrections They are ~ (Za)2. Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Neutral atom (Rb, Cs) Nucleus Electron core charge: +Ze charge -(Z-1)e charge of nucleus + electron core = e Valent electron partly penetrates into core v/c ~ a (outside core) v/c ~ Za (inside core) Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Molecular transitions structure ThatisGross not so bad because Electronic transitions date the most accurate results Up Finetostructure Non-harmonic the relativistic corrections have been obtained forcorrections atomic transitions are large. HFS structure related to gross and HFS structure. Rotational Relativistic transitions corrections Sometimes really large. Others – are not competitive. Relativistic corrections They are ~ (Za)2. Best data from frequency measurements Atom H, Opt Ca, Opt Rb, HFS df/f [GHz] [10-15] 2466061 14 Df/Dt [Hz/yr] -8±16 MPQ 13 -4±5 PTB 1 (0±5)×10-6 LPTF Frequency 455986 6.8 @ Yb+, Opt 688359 9 -1±3 PTB Yb+, HFS 12.6 73 (4±4) ×10-4 NML Hg+, Opt 1064721 9 0±7 NIST Best data from frequency measurements Best data from frequency measurements More even better data from frequency measurements More even better data from frequency measurements More even better data from frequency measurements NIST: quantum logics & direct comparison between two optical clocks More even better data from frequency measurements 1D optical lattice Best data from frequency measurements A `direct’ measurement Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) and thus d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca (PTB), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Calcium (NIST), aluminum ion (NIST), strontium ion (NPL) and neutral strontium (Tokyo, JILA, LNE-SYRTE) and mercury (LNESYRTE) and octupole Yb+ (NPL) are coming. Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca, Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/d lna Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements of optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca, Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS. Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/d lna Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr+, Sr, Hg, Al+ and octupole Yb+ are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/da Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr+, Sr, Hg, Al+ and octupole Yb+ are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/da Hg octupole Yb+ Sr+, Sr, Ca, Al+ Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr+, Sr, Hg, Al+ and octupole Yb+ are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/da Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr+, Sr, Hg, Al+ and octupole Yb+ are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/da Progress in a variations since the 1st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C0 × c Ry × F(a) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d lna/dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg+ (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb+ (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr+, Sr, Hg, Al+ and octupole Yb+ are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(a)/da Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of a, {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of a, {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of a, {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. However, we badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of a, {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. However, we badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. The next step can be done with the help of the Schmidt model. Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of a, {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. We badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. The next step can be done with the help of the Schmidt model. The model is not quite reliable and the constraints are model dependent. Further constraints We badly need a universal Model independent presentation of all data constraints can be for a cross check. reached for The next step can be done variations of a, with the help of the {Ry}, and certain Schmidt model. nuclear magnetic The model is not quite moments in units reliable and the the Bohr magneton. However: Nothing is better! constraints are model Those are not dependent. fundamental. Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants X Variation d lnX/dt Model a (– 0.3±2.0)×10-15 yr -1 -- {c Ry} (– 2.1±3.1)×10-15 yr -1 -- me/mp (2.9±6.2)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model mp/me (2.9±5.8)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gp (– 0.1±0.5)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gn (3±3) ×10-14 yr -1 Schmidt model Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants X Variation d lnX/dt a mp/me (– 0.3±2.0)×10-15 yr -1 -At present: -15 yr -1 (– 2.1±3.1)×10 -dlnX/dt for a and {c Ry} -15 yr -1 (2.9±6.2)×10 Schmidt model are improved substantially: (2.9±5.8)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gp (– 0.1±0.5)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gn (3±3) ×10-14 yr -1 Schmidt model {c Ry} me/mp Model From talk by Ekkehard Peik at Leiden-2009 workshop From talk by Ekkehard Peik at Leiden-2009 workshop Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants X Variation d lnX/dt Model a (– 0.3±2.0)×10-15 yr -1 -- {c Ry} (– 2.1±3.1)×10-15 yr -1 -- me/mp (2.9±6.2)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model mp/me (2.9±5.8)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gp (– 0.1±0.5)×10-15 yr -1 Schmidt model gn (3±3) ×10-14 yr -1 Schmidt model Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 1015 per a year; a nontransperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 1010 yr. What are astrophysical data from? Quasars produce light from very remote past. Travelling to us the light cross delute clouds. We study absorbsion lines. The lines are redshifted. To identify lines we compare various ratios; they should match the laboratory values. The ratios are sensitive to value of a, me/mp and me/mp in different ways. Small departures from the present-day laboratory results are analized as a possible systematic effect due to a variation of fundamental constant. What are astrophysical data from? Quasars produce light from very remote past. Travelling to us the light cross delute clouds. We study absorbsion lines. The lines are redshifted. To identify lines we compare various ratios; they should match the laboratory values. The ratios are sensitive to value of a, me/mp and me/mp in different ways. Small departures from the present-day laboratory results are analized as a possible systematic effect due to a variation of fundamental constant. Julian A. King et al., arXiv:1202.4758 Consequences for atomic clocks (from Victor Flambaum) Sun moves 369 km/s relative to CMB cos (f) =0.1 towards area with larger a This gives average laboratory variation Da/a =1.5 10 -18 cos(f) per year Earth moves 30 km/s relative to Sun1.6 10 -20 cos(wt) annual modulation Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 1015 per a year; a nontransperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 1010 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of a; contradictions at level of 1×10-17 per a year; separation: 109 yr. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of Justof in amount case: U-235: the U-deposites Myr mega-year (1972) in=Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains Gyr = giga-year 0.705% instead of 0.712%. meV = milli-electron-volt The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French It happens because 2 comission for atomic Gyr ago the uranium energy reported on was `enriched´. reduction of amount of suggested In 1976 Shlyachter That was so-called U-235:tothe U-deposites reactor. examine Sm isotopeswater-water to test (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, The operation lasts variation of the constants. West Africa) contains from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. 0.705% instead of The fission produces Sm 0.712%. isotopes and Sm-149 a The interpretation was neutron-capture a fossil natural nuclear resonance at 97.3 meV. reactor. Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 1015 per a year; a nontransperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 1010 yr. Laboratory (HFS incl.): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; involvment of the Schmidt model; access to gn; time separation ~ 10 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of a; contradictions at level of 1×10-17 per a year; separation: 109 yr. Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 1015 per a year; a nontransperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 1010 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of a; contradictions at level of 1×10-17 per a year; separation: 109 yr. Laboratory (HFS incl.): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; involvment of the Schmidt model; access to gn; time separation ~ 10 yr. Laboratory (opt. + Cs): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; modelindependence; access only to a and {cRy}; reliability; time separation ~ 1-3-10 yr. Acknowledgments No fundamental constants have been hurt during preparation of this talk. Neither their variations in the Earth area have been reported to any scientific authority.