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Exam Topics for EBIO 1210, Exam 2, by Topic
Cellular Energy and Metabolism
1. Be able to define what an organism’s metabolism is
2. Be able to explain the two types of chemical reactions in nature and understand the
concept of entropy as it relates to these two reaction types
3. Be able to explain the importance of chemical energy in organisms and ecosystems
4. Know where sugars are used and created in the context of cellular respiration,
fermentation, and photosynthesis
5. Be able to link producers and consumers via cycles of energy and carbon flow; know
where energy goes (how it is used and how it leaves) as it travels through a food web
6. Be able to relate the structural features of ATP to its function in the 3 major kinds of
cellular work
7. Be able to explain how energy is used and transferred in the Na+/K+ pump, as well as in Na+
and glucose co-transport.
8. Be able to place ATP at the intersection between energy-providing and energy-requiring
pathways
9. Be able to identify the reason why ATP is not used for longer-term storage of energy
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, mitochondrial ATP formation, and fermentation
1. Be able to follow the flow of energy from (i) food molecules to (ii) energy carriers
(NADH and FADH2 transferring electrons and H+) and to (iii) the electron transport
chain (leading to ATP synthesis)
2. Know the key reactants and final products of each the 3 stages of cellular respiration, as
well as where in a cell each process occurs (you do not need to know any enzymes)
3. Be able to identify the terminal electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport
chain
4. Be able to apply the model of the hydroelectric dam to ATP formation by ATP synthase
5. Know which classes of macromolecules can be used as fuels in cellular respiration
Extracting energy from energy-rich molecules either with or without oxygen
6. Be able to contrast glycolysis plus fermentation vs. glycolysis plus aerobic respiration
(citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) with respect to (i) their locations, (ii) their
need (or lack there of) for oxygen, and (iii) whether they yield little or a lot of energy
7. Be able to identify the function of fermentation and to relate the end products of the 2
types of fermentation to their practical applications
8. Be able to relate fast-twitch muscle fibers to glycolysis/fermentation and slow-twitch
muscle fibers to glycolysis/aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
1. Be able to contrast the light collecting reactions with the Calvin cycle with respect to (i)
their location within the chloroplast, (ii) their principal roles, and (iii) their starting
materials and products
2. Know the source of oxygen produced in photosynthesis and understand the reason why
water is split
3. Be able to apply the model of the hydroelectric dam to ATP formation by ATP synthase
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4. Be able to predict how Calvin cycle enzyme levels change in response to growth of plants
in sun or shade
5. Be able to relate the differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants to their ecological
advantages and disadvantages
Extensions of Photosynthesis and Respiration
Review: Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration
1. Be able to compare and contrast photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration with
respect to (i) the location of electron transport/ATP synthase versus the carbon cycles, (ii)
the mechanism of ATP formation, (iii) the starting materials and products, (iv) the roles
of oxygen and water, and (v) the principal role of H (electron and H+) carriers
Variations of electron transport and respiration
1. Be able to explain why mitochondria can generate heat and how uncouplers further
enhance heat generation
2. Be able to explain why carbon monoxide and cyanide are toxic
3. Understand what rigor mortis is and how it relates to (i) normal muscle function, (ii)
ATP, and (iii) fermentation.
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