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1 WORLD WAR ONE Considered the “GREAT WAR?” – why? - first modern war in which such extensive harm to civilian populations - advanced military technology – “man’s inhumanity to man” pain of mustard gas, barbed wire - no more romantic notions of war and violence - loss of U.S. and world vision of human relations as cooperative, consensual - war opens new opportunities for women, African Americans and ethnic minorities - unites country in military victory BUT new kinds of hatred, not race based Germans and Austrians “Bolshevik” Reds – result from Russian Revolution, 1917 Woodrow Wilson and avoiding war; leave Europe alone Specific Causes of War in Europe: European politics – alliances and fragile peace build up of Germany; military build-up, racism and militant nationalism fragmentation of Ottoman Empire – perpetual “tinderbox” of Europe Germany; Austria-Hungary and Italy – Triple Alliance France and Russia – Dual Alliance 1907 – Britain joins and it becomes The Triple Entente new military technology EVENTS: energy/ideology of Progressives now put in World War I 1914-1918 four bloody war barbed wire; trench warfare – violent stalemate “no man’s land” – mowed down by artillery fire or poison gas the Lusitania and German submarines 1916 Presidential Election in U.S. with Wilson (Democrat) as winner Zimmerman Telegram, Feb, 1917 --- US at War Pershing to London - Pershing leads American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Selective Service Act, 1917 US first job in war - keep seas safe from submarines - armed convoys across the Atlantic “doughboys” – at end of war, 2 million Americans in France new intervention of U.S. government in lives of servicemen - public health, service, education for mothers and soldiers – basis for welfare state AT HOME: Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 Women’s suffrage 18th Amendment – no more booze – Prohibition Labor Unrest in US – steelworkers, Boston Police Force The Red Scare – Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and Russian Revolution, 1917 Tsar Nicholas II out and Vladimir Ilych Lenin – Russian Marxist “dictatorship of the proletariat” (workers) eliminate capitalism and create classless, ideal (utopian?) society; strong KKK in 1920s Post-War World: Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920 Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan and League of Nations 1 2 1920s stable environment for economic expansion abroad, esp in Western Hemis lackluster politicians corporate capitalism [unions as un-American (Scott Paper Towels)] Prohibition – women’s rise to power Henry Ford – symbol of era; poor farm boy to corporate giant “welfare capitalism” – laissez faire economic welfare placed with private sector to limit govt interference US money throughout Latin America and World economic imperialism and David Ricardo’s “Comparative Advantage” becomes world’s largest creditor nation Foreign Policy – Isolationism and resentment w/ foreign entanglements, esp with Europe 2 3 Summarizing Modern State and Society in the U.S., 1914-1945 development of distinctly modern, American society from: -immigration -economic expansion abroad -urban culture -industrialization -cultural consumerism; emphasis on consumption -gradually, “globalization” of U.S. consumerism - BUT – by 1945, two world wars and a dozen years of econ depression - vision of world changes forever McKinley’s radio address to nation in 1900 to Vietnam war protests Government: development of an extensive, powerful and costly federal (national) government increased power for the presidency, esp. in war much greater sense that the federal govt has role in improving/influencing lives of individual citizens Diplomacy: U.S. slow, reluctant to become world leader, but World War I changes everything from international debtor nation to creditor acts as arbiter in international conflicts after WWI, the US known as very effective military power Isolationism and World Depression World War II Roots of Cold War Economy 1914-1945 U.S. industrial economy the most productive in the world study example of the U.S. auto industry ascendancy of mass production techniques industrialization changes daily life for workers tempo of production Culture – US consumerism and consumption emphasis on consumption and rising stand of living – considered natural by Americans one’s identity known as much by what one owns than what one believes Social Relations nativism, migration and social change slow but increasing attention by Americans to race relations demand for women’s rights continuation of Great Migration 3 4 4