Download Introduction to the American Civil Rights Movement

Introduction to the
American Civil Rights
Movement
By Mikhaela Barnes
With special help from Connor McNellis
Impact of the
Civil War,
Reconstruction
and Jim Crow
Laws
The Beginnings of Slavery
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Slavery was introduced to the new colonies within the U.S. in 1619 in order to
aid the settlers in the production of crops.
The practice of slavery bled into the 17th and 18th century. Throughout this
period of time, slaves become a huge factor of economic success for
agriculture.
In 1793 the creation of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin solidified the need for slaves
throughout the country.
Westward expansion became a huge ordeal within the 17th century, and
along with it, the question as to whether or not slavery was immoral came
along with it.
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The Civil War
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The disagreement was over the issue of states
rights and slavery. A number of states, mainly
in the south, used agriculture as a main
source of income. As a result, many of the
states these states relied on slaves to work
their land, and saw their abolition as the
government unlawfully taking their property
Within this war, a total of 620,000 men, both
Union and Confederate, gave their lives in this
war. The Civil War was an internal conflict
that lasted from 1861 to 1865.
On May 9th, 1865 the Civil War was over and
the abolition of slavery was spread
throughout all states.
Reconstruction: Results of the Civil War
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For the 12 years after the civil war (1865-1887) the
union army controlled the south using martial law.
This controlled environment eased the transition in
the south by controlling terrorist groups such as the
KKK and White Man’s League.
For the first time Blacks were allowed to move freely
and choose their profession.
As ex-confederates were not allowed to vote black
voters and republican abolitionists turned out in
large numbers to elect republican and black officials
to office.
The so called reconstruction amendments, 13th and
14th, were passed to ensure the freedoms granted to
blacks in the Emancipation Proclamation
The Thirteenth Amendment
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The thirteenth amendment officially abolished
slavery in the entire United States.
The amendment was proposed and supported by
President Abraham Lincoln along with his fellow
Republicans.
It was ratified on December 6, 1865, eight months
after the assassination of Lincoln.
The section one states, “Neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.”
Section two states, “Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
The Fourteenth Amendment
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Known as the "Reconstruction Amendment," it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property,
without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Was ratified on July 28, 1868.
SECTION 1- All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws.
SECTION 2- Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers,
counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any
election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in
Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any
of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens
twenty-one years of age in such State.
The Fourteenth Amendment
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SECTION 3-No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President
and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State,
who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United
States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of
two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
SECTION 4-The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or
rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be
held illegal and void.
SECTION 5-The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of
this article.
End of Reconstruction
(1877)
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With the election of Rutherford B. Hayes
resulting in the immediate end of
reconstruction, terrorist groups once again
rose to power.
Groups such as the KKK, and White Man’s
League controlled the polls during
elections, enforcing literacy tests and poll
taxes in order to prevent Blacks and
republicans from voting. They even
resorted to violence lynching many.
They also enacted vigilante justice when
they believed blacks were acting out of line,
such as travelling between towns, owning
firearms, or talking to white women.
Though this wasn’t legislated they were
unwritten black codes returning
blacks to near slave status.
Black’s Rights- 7:40
Jim Crow Laws
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws
enforcing racial segregation in the Southern
United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction
period (1877) and continued in force until 1965.
The segregation principle was extended to parks,
cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an effort
to prevent any contact between blacks and
whites as equals. It was codified on local and
state levels and most famously with the
“separate but equal” decision of the U.S.
Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) marked the beginning
of a 58-year period where Jim Crow was largely
unchallenged and condoned by the federal
government.
This put a swift end to Jim Crow Laws
throughout the U.S.
The KKK and the
White Man’s League
The KKK and the White Man’s League
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Groups such as the KKK and White Man’s League were created to discourage
Republicans and Freedmen from voting.
The KKK was founded in 1866 and by 1870 had branches in every southern
state. Their white superiority message appealed to many southerners.
Their paramilitary actions also appealed to the disgraced confederate
soldiers.
Similar groups such as the Red Shirts also arose in the south all with the
same purpose: to oppose legislation that created equality for whites and
blacks.
The KKK- 9:37
Race riots in
Race riots in the late 19th and thelate 19th and
early 20th
early 20th centuries impact
centuries
of Moore v.Dempsey
impact
of Moore
v.Dempsey
Moore V.
Dempsey
❖ Moore V. Dempsey was a case
against a group of black men for
murdering a white security officer
during a riot.
❖ Throughout the trial a mob of angry
white activists fearing a black
insurrection surrounded the
courthouse making acquittal
impossible.
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finding mob dominated trials in
violation of “due process.”
Moore vs. Dempsey
❖ This trial, along with its retrial, was the first time the U.S.
government had backed black people in terms of civil
rights since the civil war.
❖ The Supreme court had seen the trials to be unfair
because of the mob that surrounded the courthouse
during that time.
❖ This was simply one of the many catalysts that helped the
U.S. to establish equal rights.
Race Riots of the late 19th century and early 20th century
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With their newfound freedom many blacks fled to northern cities.
There was often tension between large numbers of blacks and whites
living side by side. Many riots arose over segregation.
Riots also continued in the South. Lynchings led to the black
community mobilizing to express its displeasure. The white
community would respond in kind, with more violence. This tension
led to ongoing violence with only slight civil rights advances. One
large riot that took place was the Chicago Riot in 1968.
The Chicago Riot 1968
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The 1968 Chicago riots were a
result of the assassination of
Martin Luther King, Jr. King. He
was shot while standing on the
balcony of his room at the Lorraine
Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on
April 4, 1968, at 6:01 pm.
The riots lasted from April 5, 1968
to April 7, 1968.
There were 11 deaths, over 500
injuries and over 2,150 people who
had been arrested.
Ethnic Riots from 1861-1975
1863: New York City Draft Riot
1863: Detroit Race Riot
Reconstruction Period: 1865–1877[edit]
1866: New Orleans Riot
1866: Memphis, Tennessee
1868: Pulaski Riot
1868: Opelousas, Louisiana
1868: Camilla, Georgia
1870: Eutaw, Alabama
1870: Laurens, South Carolina
1870: New York City Orange Riot
1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
1871: Los Angeles Anti-Chinese Riot
1871: Meridian, Mississippi
1891: New Orleans Anti-Italian Riot
1873: Colfax massacre
1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
1874: New Orleans, Louisiana {Liberty place riot see[15]}
1874: Coushatta, Louisiana
1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
1875: Clinton, Mississippi
1876: Hamburg Massacre
1876: Ellenton, South Carolina
Jim Crow Period: 1878–1914[edit]
1885: Anti-Chinese riot in Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory
1886: Seattle riot of 1886[16]
1898: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898[17]
1898: Lake City, South Carolina
1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
1900: Robert Charles Riots
1900: New York City
1904: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
1906: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
1906: Atlanta Race Riot[19]
1906: Brownsville, Texas
1907: Onancock, Virginia
1907: Pacific Coast Race Riots of 1907
1908: Springfield Race Riot of 1908[20]
1909: Omaha, Nebraska anti-Greek riot
1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between
Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4
1910: Slocum, Texas
War and inter-war period: 1914–1945[edit]
1917: East St. Louis Riot[21]
1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1917: Houston Riot
Red Summer of 1919
*1919: Washington, D.C.
*1919: Chicago Race Riot of 1919[22]
Ethnic Riots from 1861-1975
*1919: Omaha Race Riot of 1919
*1919: Charleston, South Carolina
*1919: Longview, Texas
*1919: Knoxville Riot of 1919
*1919: Elaine Race Riot
1920: Ocoee Massacre
1921: Tulsa race riot (Tulsa, Oklahoma)[23]
1921: Springfield, Ohio Race Riot[18]
1923: Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)[24]
1927: Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
1928: Wenatchee Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[25]
1929: Exeter Anti-Filipino Riot[26]
1930: Watsonville Riots, Anti-Filipino riot which inspired race riots in San Francisco,
Salinas and San Jose and attacks elsewhere.[26]
1935: Harlem Riot of 1935
1943: Detroit Race Riot[27]
1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
1943: Harlem Riot of 1943
1943: Zoot Suit Riots
Postwar era: 1946–1954[edit]
1946: Columbia, Tennessee Riot
1949: Peekskill Riots
1951: Cicero Race Riot in Illinois
Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955–1977[edit]
1958: Battle of Hayes Pond (Maxton, North Carolina)
1962: Ole Miss riot, Oxford, Mississippi
1963: Birmingham Riot of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama
1963: Cambridge riot of 1963 (Cambridge, Maryland)
1963: Lexington Riot, Lexington, North Carolina [28]
1964: Harlem Riot of 1964 (Harlem neighborhood, Manhattan, New York City)
1964: Rochester riot (Rochester, New York)
1964: Philadelphia 1964 race riot (North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania)
1965: Watts Riots (Watts neighborhood, Los Angeles, California)
1966: Division Street Riots (Humboldt Park neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois)
1966: Hough Riots (Hough community, Cleveland, Ohio)
1966: North Omaha, Nebraska (North Omaha community, Omaha, Nebraska)
Long Hot Summer of 1967
1967: Roxbury riots, (Boston, Massachusetts)
1967: Tampa riots, (Tampa, Florida)
1967: Texas Southern University Riot (Houston, Texas)
1967: 1967 Detroit riot (Detroit, Michigan)
1967: Buffalo riot (Buffalo, New York)
1967: Milwaukee Riot (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
1967: Minneapolis North Side Riots (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
1967: 1967 Newark riots (Newark, New Jersey)
1967: Plainfield riots (Plainfield, New Jersey)
1967: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio)
Protests of 1968
1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
1968: King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King,
Jr.
Ethnic Riots from 1861-1975
1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
1968: Chicago West Side riots (Chicago, Illinois)
1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
1968: 1968 Wilmington riots (Wilmington, Delaware)
1968: Glenville shootout and riot (Cleveland, Ohio)
1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania)
1970: May 11 Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
1971: Camden riots (Camden, New Jersey)
1972-1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local sniper (Ontario,
California
Protests of 1968
1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
1968: King assassination riots following the assassination of Martin
Luther King, Jr.
1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
1968: Chicago West Side riots (Chicago, Illinois)
1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
1968: 1968 Wilmington riots (Wilmington, Delaware)
1968: Glenville shootout and riot (Cleveland, Ohio)
1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania
1970: May 11 Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
1971: Camden riots (Camden, New Jersey)
1972-1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local
sniper (Ontario, California)
Tactics to
Disenfranchise
African
Americans
Tactics to Disenfranchise African Americans
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In order to prevent blacks from voting, those who controlled the political
and educational sections of life made it increasingly difficult for African
Americans to have any say in politics or receive any form of education.
Obstacles that stood in their way include the following:
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Poll taxes: exemptions were made if your father or grandfather voted in 1868 or an earlier
year, which allowed most whites to vote without paying the poll tax. Recent immigrants,
though, had to pay the tax.
Literacy and Constitutional Tests: The tests for African Americans were altered so that the
difficulty level was above a white person's test.
Violence: The KKK and racist police men kept African Americans from voting.
Economic Sanctions: Blacks were often fired when they had voted.
Impact of FDR and
WWII
Franklin D. Roosevelt effect on Civil Rights
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Franklin's administration(1933-1945)
was initially a continuation of the
"gentleman's agreement" within the
Democratic party that Northern
Democrats would not interfere in
race issues on the behalf of black
Americans.
Initially, FDR was fairly inactive on
civil rights because he wanted to
pass his New Deal without southern
republican opposition.
It wasn’t until the attack on Pearl
Harbor in 1941 that FDR had finally
decided to act on Civil Rights
because of its unifying affect.
Franklin D. Roosevelt effect on Civil Rights
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A. Philip Randolph, a black leader and coordinator of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), had threatened to organize a March on
Washington, D.C. Roosevelt was in fear of the embarrassment of a racial
protest during this time if he had not done something quickly to curb the
discriminatory hiring practices of the National Defense Program.
As a result, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, which established
the Fair Employment Practices Committee and mandated race-blind hiring
by defense organizations.
This executive order had allowed Roosevelt to implement more civil rights
assistance for blacks in the future.
WWII and Civil Rights
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WWII had allowed for black soldiers to fight for their rights, and proving
their worth, while also fighting for their country.
In July 1948, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9980, barring
racial discrimination in the civil service, and Executive Order 9981,
mandating "equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the
armed forces."
After WWII these orders allowed blacks to have the ability to thrive and
succeed within a workplace. More blacks enrolled in schools and the amount
of donations going to programs such as the NAACP increased significantly.
Many African Americans had gained a fair amount of respect because of how
they were willing to fight for their country.
WWII and African Americans
Bibliography
http://www.historynet.com/states-rights-civil-war
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery
http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/faq/?referrer=https://www.google.com/
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/struggle_president2.html
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_revised_1.html
https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_States_of_America_1992
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_moore.html
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=a9b27bac319091d9bf
6b7c9f7431ad38&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3401800845&userGroupName=bcps&jsid=
af9825b7e9bd5e5164572bb7ebdbb7d4
https://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/struggle_court.html
The Civil War and Civil Rights
http://www.historybits.com/civilrights.htm <jim crow laws
For WW2 do thew policies of desegregation particulallry oin the military 48in
WW2 (blacks in WW2 video)
Talk abou t the thirteenth fourteenth and fiftheenth amendmends
Video on KKK