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KEY SEPUP UNIT D: PLATE TECTONICS Study guide 1. Define the following terms: Pangaea A super continent that existed until about 230 million years ago when it began to move apart Continental Drift The idea that continents are moving away from each other Transform boundary Two plates sliding past each other in parallel but opposite directions Divergent boundary Two plates spreading apart Convergent boundary Two plates colliding together lahar Mudflows that result from the shifting and sudden heating of a volcanic eruption that melts the surrounding snow and ice 2. What is subduction? Subduction is the sinking of one tectonic plate under another tectonic plate. 3. At what type of plate boundary does subduction occur? Subduction occurs at a convergent plate boundary with typically two oceanic plates or an oceanic and continental plate. 4. Why do geologists, or scientists who study the forces and shape of the earth have such a hard time predicting when earthquakes will occur? Explain: Geologists don’t know how much pressure or strain is occurring at each fault/plate boundary. Without knowing this, predicting plate movement to relieve the pressure is difficult. 5. Use the circle below to draw a diagram of the earth's interior by: a. Sketching the approximate size of each layer b. Labeling each layer with its name, make up (ie: solid, molten/liquid, solid and molten/liquid) and composition (rock, metal) Mantle/ solid upperliquid lower/ rock Lithosphere/ solid /rock /upper 100km of the crust and mantle Crust/ solid/ rock Inner Core/ solid/ metal Outer Core/ liquid/ metal 6. In your own words, explain (be specific): a. the theory of Plate Tectonics The theory that the surface of the earth is made up of several giant lithospheric plates that are in constant motion. The plates are moving because of convection currents in the mantle beneath the plates. b. the type of evidence Alfred Wegener used to support his ‘Continental Drift’ hypothesis? Mountain ranges, similar glacial striations (scraping), and fossilized plant and animal discoveries were used to ‘piece together’ the continents and their movement 7. Describe how each of these types of volcanoes are created Shield volcano Cinder Cone volcano Large, broad volcanoes. Smallest of the volcanoes. Formed by releasing fast Formed from explosive moving, less gassy lava which eruptions that shoot lava into is less explosive and more the air. This falls back down runny. as cinder sized rocks forms the cone shape. Composite (strato) volcano Explosive eruptions because of gassy magma. They are formed from layers of lava, cinders, and ash. 8. Why is there such a high risk for earthquakes on the Pacific coast of the USA? The pacific plate is striking against/ converging on the north American plate 9. Scientists believe that Earth’s magnetic field is a result of the movement of the liquid metal outer core against the movement of the solid metal inner core. Is this a true or false statement? True