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Week 2 Meteorology Let’s do a really quick review from last week. As you increase in elevation Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation Low Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. Low Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation Low Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation Low Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation Low Pressure High Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Low Pressure High Pressure Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • As you increase in elevation… – air pressure decreases. • As you increase in elevation… – Air pressure decreases. Low Pressure Low Pressure Higher Pressure New area of Focus Where does the Weather Engine get it’s Energy? The Sun! Where does this Weather Engine get it’s Water? The Hydrologic Cycle! • Standard sea-level pressure is 14.7 lb per sq in. (1,030 grams per sq cm), which is equivalent to a column of mercury 29.92 in. (760 mm) in height; (1 atm) • The decrease with elevation is approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) for every 900 ft (270 m) of ascent. As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Standard sea-level pressure is 14.7 lb per sq in. (1,030 grams per sq cm), which is equivalent to a column of mercury 29.92 in. (760 mm) in height; (1 atm) • The decrease with elevation is approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) for every 900 ft (270 m) of ascent. As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Standard sea-level pressure is 14.7 lb per sq in. (1,030 grams per sq cm), which is equivalent to a column of mercury 29.92 in. (760 mm) in height; (1 atm) • The decrease with elevation is approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) for every 900 ft (270 m) of ascent. As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Standard sea-level pressure is 14.7 lb per sq in. (1,030 grams per sq cm), which is equivalent to a column of mercury 29.92 in. (760 mm) in height; (1 atm) • The decrease with elevation is approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) for every 900 ft (270 m) of ascent. As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • Standard sea-level pressure is 14.7 lb per sq in. (1,030 grams per sq cm), which is equivalent to a column of mercury 29.92 in. (760 mm) in height; (1 atm) • The decrease with elevation is approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm) for every 900 ft (270 m) of ascent. As you increase in elevation air pressure decreases. As you decrease in elevation pressure increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy • In normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. • In normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. • In normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. • In normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. • In normal atmospheric pressure (1 atm), the boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. Air Pressure drives the wind and creates the weather. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Air Pressure drives the wind and creates the weather. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Air Pressure drives the wind and creates the weather. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Air Pressure drives the wind and creates the weather. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Air Pressure drives the wind and creates the weather. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, cool air sinks. Warm is low pressure, Cold is High Pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, Warm is low pressure, Cold is High Pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, Warm is low pressure, Cold is High Pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, cool air sinks. Warm is low pressure, Cold is High Pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, cool air sinks. Warm is low pressure, Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm air rises, cool air sinks. Warm is low pressure, Cold is High Pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Which of the pictures is High Pressure? Which of the pictures is High Pressure? Which of the pictures is Low Pressure? Which of the pictures is Low Pressure? Which of the pictures is Low Pressure? Which of the pictures is Low Pressure? Which letter below would have warm surface temperatures? A C D B E Which letter below would have warm surface temperatures? A C D B E Which letter below would have cooler atmospheric temperatures? A C D B E Which letter below would have cooler atmospheric temperatures? C and E A C D B E Do you see any trends in the picture below? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Answer! A band of high pressure systems exist south of the equator. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Answer! They also exist just north of the equator. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Answer! Low pressure systems exist below the high pressure systems. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Answer! Low Pressure system exist at the mid latitudes. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Surface Pressure Polar High Polar Low Subtropical High Tropical Low Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas Equatorial low-pressure trough. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas Equatorial low-pressure trough. Polar high-pressure cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas Equatorial low-pressure trough. Polar high-pressure cells. Subtropical high-pressure cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Primary High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Areas Equatorial low-pressure trough. Polar high-pressure cells. Subtropical high-pressure cells. Subpolar low-pressure cells. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy New Area of Focus: Fronts Quick video (30 sec to 3 min) on cold and warm fronts One more video. Warm Fronts and Cold Fronts are caused by air pressure. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy When looking at the next few slides, remember that, in Oklahoma, Cold fronts Normally move from the North west towards the south east. The warm fronts come up from the Gulf of Mexico. So, our warm fronts usually come from the south and move in a northerly direction. Remember: Cold sinks, warm rises Cold Front: Form where cold air moves towards warm air. Creates rain storms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cold Front: Form where cold air moves towards warm air. Creates rain storms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Cold Front: Form where cold air moves towards warm air. Creates rain storms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Direction of travel Direction of travel Cold Cold Warm Cold Warm Warm Cold rm Cold Cold Cold Cold Warm Cold Warm Cold W Cold “Honey, I think it’s time to get our stuff together.” Cold Air Warm Air Cold Air Warm Air Cold Air Rain Warm Front: Form where warm air moves towards cold air. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Warm Warm Cold Cold Warm d Warm Warm Warm Occluded front: When a cold front overtakes a warm front and forces it up (Mix) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Occluded front: When a cold front overtakes a warm front and forces it up (Mix) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Stationary Front: When a cold front and warm front cannot overtake each other (tie) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Please match the name of the front to the picture. Warm Front, Cold Front, Occluded Front, Stationary Front A B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a warm front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a warm front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a cold front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a cold front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents an occluded front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents an occluded front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents an occluded front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a stationary front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a stationary front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a stationary front? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents high pressure? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents high pressure? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents low pressure? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents low pressure? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a cyclone? F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a cyclone? Answer: A F A E B C D Challenge Activity! Which letter best represents a cyclone? Answer: A F A E B C Weather fronts. Learn more at… http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/At mosphere/front.html Weather map fronts. See more at… http://www.nws.noaa.gov/outlook_tab.php D Another quick review A video on Coriolis Effect: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec 3vgeaI Cloud Formations Let’s watch Gary England’s video on cloud formation. CONDENSATION Sunlight causes water to evaporate into the atmosphere. This air containing the water vapor is heated at the surface of the earth and rises. As the air rises, it cools and the water vapor condenses on some form of particulate matter such as dust, ash, or smoke to form clouds. The particulate matter are called Condensation Nuclei. Condensation on spider webs Views of early morning fog in Indiana Importance of Clouds • So, what is a cloud? ~ It is a thick mass of suspended water drops or ice crystals. • What do clouds tell us? ~ The presence of clouds in the sky is one type of signal to meteorologists that there will be changes in the weather. Predicting the weather requires the understanding of the different types of clouds Identifying Clouds To better communicate and understand the many cloud forms in the sky, meteorologists identify clouds based on five basic cloud characteristics: 1. The altitude at which they occur 2. Color 3. Density 4. Shape 5. Degree of cover. From this information, we can identify three basic cloud types and seven other common cloud types. Cloud Type by Form Clouds can be classified by some simple, but subjective, criteria that also provides information on the atmospheric conditions One form of classification is based on appearance or form. Using these characteristics you can identify the three basic cloud types: stratus, cirrus, and cumulus Stratus Clouds Stratus clouds are thin, sheet-like clouds. They are layered with some rippling, and cover large portions of the sky. They are frequently gray and thick. Stratus clouds are formed when air is forced up slowly. Cirrus Clouds Cirrus clouds are thin, white clouds with a feathery appearance. They are the highest of all clouds forming at heights of 30,000 feet or more above the earth's surface. Cirrus clouds are formed by ice crystals. They generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation. Cirrus clouds are usually the first sign of an approaching storm. Cirrus Cloud Phenomenon Sun Pillar Sometimes, when the sun is just below the horizon, aligned ice crystals reflect light from their crystal faces. We see the cumulative effect of millions of reflections of this sunlight as a sun pillar. Cumulus Clouds: Cumulus clouds are flatbased, billowing clouds with vertical doming. Often the top of cumulus clouds have a "cauliflower-like" appearance. Cumulus clouds are most prominent during the summer months. Cumulus or fluffy clouds form when air is forced up rapidly and therefore rises higher. Cloud Type by Altitude-01 Clouds can also be classified based on their altitude There are three categories of cloud heights: High Clouds = Cirrus Middle Clouds = Alto Low Clouds = Stratus Cirro High clouds: 7-18km Cold: less than 25oC & made up of ice crystals Cirrostratus: high, wispy clouds. They give the sky a milky white appearance. Cirrocumulus: delicate clouds appearing in bands or ripples across the sky. They are one of the least common of the cloud types. Alto These clouds usually form from the gradual lifting of air in advance of a cold front. Middle level clouds: 2-7 km 0-25oC & composed of both water and ice crystals The presence of altocumulus clouds on a warm and humid summer morning is commonly followed by thunderstorms later in the day. Altostratus: thin, layered clouds that are blue-gray or whitish in color and often cover large portions of the sky. They are thinner if formed at higher altitudes but are heavier and more dense if closer to the ground. * Picture of altocumulus clouds taken by satellite Altocumulus: oval or eliptical in shape, and can have gray undersides. They often have a "cottonball-like" appearance. Strato Low level clouds: 0 - 4 km Greater than 5oC & composed of water Stratus: Dense, uniform dark gray layers. Stratocumulus: groups of dense, puffy clouds that cover the sky in dark heavy masses, long and gray. The often form in bands across the sky. Fog Fog : Clouds at ground level Radiation fog: forms at night when cold ground cools the air above it (in valleys) Advection fog: forms when warm, moist air moves over colder surface and cools (in coastal areas) In this fog, off the coast of Oregon, a cold ocean current cools the air to the air’s dew point temperature. This cooling of the air created the fog. This is called: Advection Fog For the development of this fog, warm water is evaporating into cool air. The cool air becomes saturated (its relative humidity becomes 100%) and condensation creates the fog. This is called: Cold Air Condensation Evaporation Warm Water Radiation Fog Cloud Type by Rain Finally, we can classify them based on the presence of rain Nimbus: any cloud that rains Cumulonimbus: Nimbostratus: low, flat clouds that are often taller, towering associated with versions of cumulus steady precipitation clouds. Their height and occur in thick, can be from two to continuous layers and five miles. These are often dark gray in clouds often form color. thunderstorms. Cumulonimbus Clouds As seen from Apollo 8 Watch for Cumulus Clouds Steps: 1. Think "puffy" when you want to identify cumulus clouds. 2. Make a comparison to masses of cotton balls or piles of whipped cream. 3. Remember, cumulus clouds are the clouds we used to look at and imagine they were people, shapes, animals, etc. Watch for Nimbus Clouds Steps: 1. Think "rain" when you see nimbus clouds. 2. Remember, nimbus clouds can be stratus or cumulus. 3. Watch for stratus clouds to evolve into nimbostratus formations when low-level clouds shed rain. 4. Look for cumulonimbus clouds when thunderstorms begin to build. Watch for Stratus and Cirrus Clouds Steps: 1. Think "flat" when you're identifying stratus clouds. 2. Remember, high altitude cirrostratus clouds appear as thin, wispy sheets. 3. Look for stratus clouds at any altitude. 4. Look high into the sky for cirrus clouds. 5. Remember, cirrus clouds consist of moisture thrown up by distant storms and turned to ice. 6. Watch for thin, hair-like, disconnected wisps of clouds at altitudes above 18,000 feet. 7. Remember, stratus and cumulus clouds can occur at those same altitudes; these clouds are correctly identified as cirrostratus and cirrocumulus clouds. Here are some links to online cloud matching games. http://extension.illinois.edu/treehouse/activit y_cloud.cfm THE END