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New France
1
New France
Viceroyalty of New France
Vice-royauté de Nouvelle-France
French colony
↓
1534-1763
Flag from 1663
Coat of arms
Capital
Quebec
Language(s)
French
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Government
Monarchy
King
- 1663-1715
King Louis XIV
- 1715-1763
King Louis XV
Legislature
Sovereign Council of New France
History
- Royal Control
1663
- Articles of Capitulation of Quebec
1759
- Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760
- Treaty of Paris (1763)
February 10 (1763) 1763
New France
2
Currency
New France livre
Succeeded by
Province of Quebec (1763-1791)
Nova Scotia
Rupert's Land
Newfoundland (island)
Louisiana (New Spain)
History of Canada
This article is part of a series
Timeline
Pre-colonization
1534–1763
1764–1866
1867–1914
1914–1945
1945–1960
1960–1981
1982–1992
1992–present
Topics
Constitutional history
Cultural history
Economic history
Former colonies & territories
Immigration history
Military history
Monarchical history
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Persons of significance
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Bibliography
History of Canada portal
New France (French: Nouvelle-France, Latin: Nova Gallia) was the area colonized by France in North America
during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending
with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of
Utrecht), the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay
New France
3
to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was then divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada,
Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland (Plaisance),[1] and Louisiana. The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in the
relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland colonies, and the
establishment of the colony of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) as the successor to Acadia.[2] [3]
France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain at the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years
War (the French and Indian War). Britain received all lands east of the Mississippi River, including Canada, Acadia,
and parts of Louisiana, while Spain received the territory to the west – the larger portion of Louisiana. Spain
returned its portion of Louisiana to France in 1800, but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United
States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the North American
mainland.
Early exploration
Around 1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced the king, Francis I, to commission an
expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China).[4] Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in Dieppe, crossing the
Atlantic on a small caravel with 50 men.[4] After exploring the coast of the present-day Carolinas early the following
year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the Narrows of New York Bay. The first European to
discover the site of present-day New York, he named it Nouvelle-Angoulême in honour of the king, the former count
of Angoulême. Verrazzano’s voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land.
Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain (Mexico) and English
Newfoundland.[4]
Map of New France made by Samuel de
Champlain in 1612.
In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and
claimed the land in the name of King Francis I.[5] It was the first
province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling
the region met with failure.[5] French fishing fleets, however, continued
to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making
alliances with First Nations that became important once France began
to occupy the land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence
region was full of valuable fur-bearing animals, especially the beaver,
which were becoming rare in Europe. Eventually, the French crown
decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in
America.
Another early French attempt at settlement in North America was Fort Caroline, established in what is now
Jacksonville, Florida, in 1564. Intended as a haven for Huguenots, Caroline was founded under the leadership of
René Goulaine de Laudonnière and Jean Ribault. It was sacked by the Spanish led by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
who then established the settlement of St. Augustine on September 20, 1565.
Acadia and Canada (New France) were inhabited by indigenous nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary
Iroquoian peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural riches which attracted all of Europe. By
the 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what
transpired between the natives and their European visitors around that time is not known for lack of historical
records.[5]
Early attempts at establishing permanent settlements were failures. In 1598, a trading post was established on Sable
Island, off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac, but only
five settlers survived the winter.[5] In 1604, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie François (Bay of
Fundy) which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605.[5] It was abandoned in 1607, reestablished in 1610, and destroyed
in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as
New France
Acadia, and the settlers as Acadians.[5]
In 1608, sponsored by Henry IV, Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain founded the city of
Quebec with 28 men, the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada.[6] [7] [8] Colonization was
slow and difficult. Many settlers died early, because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103
colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355.[9]
Champlain quickly allied himself with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the
Iroquois. In 1609, Champlain, along with two other French companions, accompanied by his Algonquin, Montagnais
and Huron allies, travelled south from the St. Lawrence valley to Lake Champlain, where he participated decisively
in a battle against the Iroquois, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his harquebus. This military
engagement against the Iroquois solidified the position of Champlain with New France's Huron and Algonquin
allies, bonds vital to New France in order to keep the fur trade alive. However, for the better part of a century the
Iroquois and French clash in a series of attacks and reprisals.[10] He also arranged to have young French men live
with the natives, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These men,
known as coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) (such as Étienne Brûlé), extended French influence south and
west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there.
For the first few decades of the colony's existence, the French
population numbered only a few hundred, while the English colonies to
the south were much more populous and wealthy. Cardinal Richelieu,
adviser to Louis XIII, wished to make New France as significant as the
English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the Company of One
Hundred Associates to invest in New France, promising land parcels to
hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important
mercantile and farming colony. Champlain was named Governor of
New France. Richelieu then forbade non-Roman Catholics from living
Map of western New France, including the
there. Protestants were required to renounce their faith to establish
Illinois Country, by Vincenzo Coronelli, 1688.
themselves in New France; many chose instead to move to the English
colonies. The Roman Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the
Recollets and the Jesuits, became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the seigneurial system,
a semi-feudal system of farming that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th
century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France but did pave the way for
the success of later efforts. [11]
At the same time, however, the English colonies to the south began to raid the St. Lawrence valley, and, in 1629,
Quebec itself was captured and held by the British until 1632.[12] Champlain returned to Canada that year, and
requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois-Rivières, which he did in 1634. Champlain
died in 1635.
4
New France
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Jesuit missions
The French Catholic Church, which after Champlain’s death was the
most dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a utopian
Christian community in the colony.[13] In 1642, they sponsored a group
of settlers, led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, who founded
Ville-Marie, precursor to present-day Montreal, farther up the St.
Lawrence.[14] Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the
Great Lakes region and converted many of the Huron natives. The
missionaries came into conflict with the Iroquois, who frequently
attacked Montreal. By 1649, both the Jesuit mission and the Huron
society were almost completely destroyed by Iroquois invasions (see
Canadian Martyrs).
The transport infrastructure in New France was almost nonexistent,
with few roads and canals.The canals would be up to 3 miles long at
times and boats were thin and simple. Thus people used the waterways,
especially the St. Lawrence River, as the main form of transportation,
by canoes. In the winter, when the lakes froze, both the poor and the
rich travelled by sleds pulled by dogs or horses. A land transportation
system was not developed in the region until the 1830s, when stretches
of road were built along the river, and the Rideau Canal project was
not completed until 1840.
Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons, Gabriel
Sagard, 1632.
Royal takeover and attempts to settle
In the 1650s, Montreal still had only a few dozen settlers and a
severely underpopulated New France almost fell completely to hostile
Iroquois forces. In 1660, settler Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a
Canadian and Huron militia against a much larger Iroquois force; none
of the Canadians survived, but they succeeded in turning back the
Iroquois invasion. In 1663, New France finally became more secure
when Louis XIV made it a royal province. In 1665, he sent a French
garrison, the Carignan-Salières Regiment, to Quebec. The government
Great Seal of King Louis XIV used in New
of the colony was reformed along the lines of the government of
France after the colony was reformed as a
France, with the Governor General and Intendant subordinate to the
province of France in 1663.
Minister of the Marine in France. In 1665, Jean Talon was sent by
Minister of the Marine Jean-Baptiste Colbert to New France as the first
Intendant. These reforms limited the power of the Bishop of Quebec, who had held the greatest amount of power
after the death of Champlain.
The 1666 census of New France was conducted by France's intendant, Jean Talon, in the winter of 1665–66. It
showed a population of 3,215 habitants in New France, many more than there had been only a few decades earlier,
but also a great difference in the number of men (2,034) and women (1,181).[15] This was because most of the
explorers, soldiers, fur traders and settlers who had come to New France were men. To strengthen the colony and
make it the centre of France's colonial empire, Louis XIV decided to dispatch more than 700 single women, aged
between 15 and 30 (known as les filles du roi) to New France. At the same time, marriages with the natives were
encouraged and indentured servants, known as engagés, were also sent to New France. One such engagé, Etienne
New France
6
Truteau (La Rochelle, 1641 – Montréal, 1712) was the ancestor of the Trudeaus in America, such as the Prime
Minister of Canada Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
Talon also tried to reform the seigneurial system, forcing the seigneurs to actually reside on their land, and limiting
the size of the seigneuries, in an attempt to make more land available to new settlers. These schemes were ultimately
unsuccessful. Very few settlers arrived, and the various industries established by Talon did not surpass the
importance of the fur trade.
Military conflicts
Since Henry Hudson had claimed Hudson Bay, and the surrounding lands for England, English colonists had begun
expanding their boundaries across what is now the Canadian north beyond the French-held territory of New France.
In 1670, with the help of French coureurs des bois, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers, the Hudson's
Bay Company was established to control the fur trade in all the land that drained into Hudson Bay (known as
Rupert's Land).[16] This ended the French monopoly on the Canadian fur trade. To compensate, the French extended
their territory to the south, and to the west of the American colonies. In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La
Salle explored the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and claimed the entire territory for France as far south as the Gulf of
Mexico.[17] He named this territory Louisiana. La Salle attempted to establish the first colony in the new territory in
1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his colony, Fort Saint Louis, in what is
now Texas. The colony was exterminated by disease and Indian attack in 1688.
Although little colonization took place
in this part of New France, many
strategic forts were built there, under
the orders of Governor Louis de Buade
de Frontenac. Forts were also built in
the older portions of New France that
had not yet been settled. Many of these
forts were garrisoned by the Troupes
de la Marine, the only regular soldiers
in New France between 1682 and
1755.
In 1689, the English and Iroquois
launched a major assault on New
France, after many years of small
Map of North America in 1702 showing forts, towns and areas occupied by European
skirmishes throughout the English and
settlements. Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain terrestrial claim (orange)
French territories. This war, known as
King William's War, ended in 1697,
but a second war (Queen Anne's War) broke out in 1702. Quebec and Acadia survived the English invasions of both
these wars, and during the wars France seized many of the English Hudson's Bay Company fur trading centres on
Hudson Bay including York Factory , which the French renamed Fort Bourbon.
The final Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. In 1713, peace came to New France with the Treaty of Utrecht.[18]
Although the treaty turned Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and part of Acadia (peninsular Nova Scotia) over to Great
Britain, France remained in control of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), as well as Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward
Island) and the northern part of Acadia, what is today New Brunswick. Construction of Fortress Louisbourg on Île
Royale, a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River setttlements,
began in 1719.[19]
New France
After the Treaty of Utrecht, New France began to prosper. Industries, such as fishing and farming, that had failed
under Talon began to flourish. A "King’s Highway" (Chemin du Roy) was built between Montreal and Quebec to
encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded.
The number of colonists greatly increased, and, by 1720, Canada had become a self-sufficient colony with a
population of 24,594 people. The Church, although now less powerful than it had originally been, controlled
education and social welfare. These years of peace are often referred to by French Canadians as New France's
"Golden Age".
Peace lasted until 1744, when news of the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession reached Fort Louisbourg.
The French forces went on the attack first in a failed attempt to capture Annapolis Royal, the capital of the British
Nova Scotia. In 1745 William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. Both France
and New France were unable to relieve the siege, and Louisbourg fell to the British. With the famed Duc d'Anville
Expedition, France attempted to retake Acadia and the fortress in 1746 but failed. The fortress was returned to
France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, but the peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war
status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve
any territorial disputes. Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, Father Le Loutre's War (1749-1755) began with the British
founding of Halifax.
Fort Duquesne, located at the
confluence of the Allegheny and
Monongahela Rivers at the site of
present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
guarded the most important strategic
location in the west at the time of the
Seven Years' War. It was built to
insure that the Ohio River valley
remained under French control. A
small colonial force from Virginia
began a fort here but a French force
under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de
Contrecœur drove them off in April
1754. New France claimed this as part
of their colony and the French were
Map of territorial claims by 1750 in North America, before the French and Indian War,
anxious to keep the British from
that is part of the greater world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War (1756 to
1763). - possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain (orange, California,
encroaching on it. The French built
Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated) Fort Duquesne here to serve as a
military stronghold and as a base for
developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the Aboriginal peoples of the area.
The fight for control over Ohio Country, led to the French and Indian War, begun as the North American phase of
the Seven Years' War (which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756). It began with the defeat of a Virginia
militia contingent led by Colonel George Washington by the French troupes de la marine in the Ohio valley. As a
result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. The
British defeated France in Acadia at the Battle of Fort Beausejour (1755) and immediately began the expulsion of the
Acadians.
In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous
peoples. Fort de la Corne was built in 1753 by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne just east of the
Saskatchewan River Forks in what is today the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. This was the furthest westward
outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall.
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New France
8
Aftermath
Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink, and Spanish
territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow.
New France now had over 70,000
inhabitants, a massive increase from
earlier in the century, but the British
American
colonies
greatly
outnumbered them, with over one
million people (including a substantial
number of French Huguenots). It was
much easier for the British colonists to
organize attacks on New France than it
was for the French to attack the
British. In 1755, General Edward
Braddock led an expedition against the
French Fort Duquesne, and although
they were numerically superior to the
French militia and their Indian allies,
Braddock's army was routed and
Braddock was killed.
While the British Conquest of Acadia
happened in 1710, the French continued to remain a significant force in the region with Fort Beausejour and Fortress
Louisbourg. The dominant population in the region remained Acadian. In 1755, the British were successful in the
Battle of Beausejour and immediately after began the expulsion of the Acadians. The intent of the expulsion, in
military terms, was to neutralize the Acadian military threat and stop the vital supply lines they maintained for
Louisbourg.
In 1758, British forces again captured Louisbourg, allowing them to blockade the entrance to the St. Lawrence River.
This proved decisive in the war. In 1759, the British besieged Quebec by sea, and an army under General James
Wolfe defeated the French under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in
September. The garrison in Quebec surrendered on September 18, and by the next year New France had been
completely conquered by the British after the successful attack on Montreal, which had refused to acknowledge the
fall of Canada. The last French governor-general of New France, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, surrendered to British Major General Jeffrey Amherst on September 8, 1760. France formally
ceded Canada to the British in the Treaty of Paris, signed on February 10, 1763.[20]
French culture and religion remained dominant in most of the former
territory of New France, until the arrival of British settlers led to the
later creation of Upper Canada (today Ontario) and New Brunswick.
The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the
Seven Year's War, remained off-limits to settlement from the thirteen
American colonies.
Twelve years after the British defeated the French, the American
Revolution broke out in Britain's lower thirteen colonies. Many
Quebecers would take part in the war, including Major Clément
Gosselin and Admiral Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil. After the British
surrender at Yorktown in 1781, the Treaty of Versailles in 1783 gave
Political organization of New France, circa. 1759
New France
all former British claims in New France below the Great Lakes into the possession of the nascent United States. A
Franco-Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801, allowing Napoleon Bonaparte to sell it to the
United States in 1803. This sale represented the end of the French colonial empire in North America, except for the
islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which are still controlled by France today.
The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as Upper Canada and
Lower Canada, from 1791–1841, and then as the Province of Canada from 1841–1867, when the passage of the
British North America Act of 1867 instituted home rule for most of British North America and established
French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the Dominion of Canada.
The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the
French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité territoriale de
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon), consisting of a group of small islands 25 kilometres (13 nmi; 15 mi) off the coast of
Newfoundland, Canada.
Legal Issues of New France
• The principal law of New France was the Coutume de Paris.
• Lower Courts or Royal Courts were located in Quebec, Trois-Rivières and Montreal
• The chief legal officer of the Royal Courts was the civil and criminal lieutenant general or royal judge
• Other courts
• Amirauté - Marine Courts
• Officialité - Bishops' Court (civil and criminal)
• Court of Appeals were made to the Sovereign Council of New France and Sovereign Council of Louisbourg
(after 1713)
• Seigneuries heard minor legal issues[21]
Political divisions
• Province of Acadia
• Canada
• Lower Louisiana
References
[1] "The French Settlement of Placentia: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage" (http:/ / www. heritage. nf. ca/ exploration/ french. html).
Heritage Canada. . Retrieved 2010-06-30.
[2] Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713-1758, Andrew John Bayly Johnston, 2001, MSU Press pp. 8-9 (http:/ / en. wikipedia.
org/ w/ index. php?title=New_France& action=edit)
[3] "Archaeology Program 2010" (http:/ / www. fortressoflouisbourg. ca/ ArchaeologyE/ SiteInformation. html#HistoryFortress).
Fortressoflouisbourg.ca. . Retrieved 2010-06-30.
[4] "1524: The voyage of discoveries" (http:/ / www. verrazzano. org/ en/ index2. php?c=viaggioscoperte). Verrazzano Centre for Historical
Studies. 2002. . Retrieved 2010-11-10.
[5] Riendeau, Roger E (2007). A brief history of Canada (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=CFWy0EfzlX0C& lpg=PA36& dq=In 1600, a
trading post was established at [[Tadoussac, Quebec|Tadoussac]], but only five settlers survived the winter. & pg=PA36#v=onepage& q&
f=true). Facts on File, cop. p. 36. ISBN 9780816063352. . Retrieved 2010-08-11.
[6] Grenon, Jean-Yves. Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604-5), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608). Translated by Phil Roberts.
Annapolis Royal, NS: Peninsular Press, 2000.
[7] Liebel, Jean. Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de Québec. Paris: Le Croît vif, 1999.
[8] Binot, Guy. Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais, premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la Nouvelle-France de
1603 à 1612. [Vaux-sur-Mer]: Bonne anse, 2004.
[9] "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" (http:/ / www. statcan. gc. ca/ pub/ 98-187-x/ 4151287-eng. htm). Statistics Canada. 2009.
. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
[10] Douglas Hunter, God's Mercies: Rivalry, Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery, Random House of Canada Limited, 2000, pp. 240-242
9
New France
[11] Knecht, R.J. (1991). RIchelieu. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 165. ISBN 0582437571.
[12] Fry, Michael (2001). The Scottish Empire. Tuckwell Press. p. 21. ISBN 184158259X.
[13] Shenwen, Li (2001). Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle-France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle. Les Presses de
l'Université Laval, L'Harmattan. p. 44. ISBN 2747511235.
[14] Miquelon, Dale. "Ville-Marie (Colony)" (http:/ / www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/ index. cfm?PgNm=TCE&
Params=A1ARTA0008371). The Canadian Encyclopedia. . Retrieved 2010-06-23.
[15] "Statistics for the 1666 Census" (http:/ / amicus. collectionscanada. gc. ca/ aaweb-bin/ aamain/ itemdisp?sessionKey=999999999_142&
l=0& d=2& v=0& lvl=1& itm=30327415). Library and Archives Canada. 2006. . Retrieved 2010-06-24.
[16] Fuchs, Denise (2002-03) (Subcription required). Embattled Notions: Constructions of Rupert's Land's Native Sons, 1760 To 1861 (http:/ /
www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1G1-97059143. html). Manitoba History. pp. (44): 10–17. 0226–5044. .
[17] "Our History: People" (http:/ / www. hbc. com/ hbcheritage/ history/ people/ explorers/ samuelhearne. asp). Hudson's Bay Company. .
Retrieved 2007-11-14.
[18] Axelrod, Alan (2007). Blooding at Great Meadows: young George Washington and the battle that ... (http:/ / books. google. ca/
books?id=7EBKOCt_P0EC& pg=PA62& dq=After+ Queen+ Anne's+ War,+ Nova+ Scotia,+ other+ than+ Cape+ Breton+ Hudson+ Bay+
territory+ ,+ was+ ceded+ to+ the+ British+ by+ the+ Treaty+ of+ Utrecht& hl=en& ei=mPR1TJCFMYK8lQe72JTsCw& sa=X&
oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=true). Running Press. p. 62. ISBN 0762427698. .
Retrieved 2010-08-16.
[19] "History of Louisbourg" (http:/ / www. fortressoflouisbourg. ca/ Overview/ mid/ 12). The Fortress Louisbourg Association. 2008. .
Retrieved 2010-06-09.
[20] "Canada: History" (http:/ / www. thecommonwealth. org/ YearbookInternal/ 145152/ history/ ) (PDF). Country Profiles. Commonwealth
Secretariat. . Retrieved 2007-10-09.
[21] "Exhibitions/Administration/The Administration of Justice" (http:/ / www. champlain2004. org/ html/ 08/ 08_e. html). Champlain2004.org. .
Retrieved 2010-06-30.
Further reading
• Chartrand, René (2008), The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600-1763 (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=njiVxEIVM0AC&lpg=PP1&dq=New France&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true), Osprey Pub,
ISBN 9781846032554
• Chartrand, René (2008), The forts of New France : the Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600-1763
(http://books.google.ca/books?id=RNhWYYZBlEEC&lpg=PP1&dq=New France&pg=PP1#v=onepage&
q&f=true), Osprey Pub, ISBN 9781846035043
• Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada (http://
books.google.ca/books?id=bsRsw0HBW58C&lpg=PP1&dq=Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and
tradition in the peopling of French Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Cambridge, MA : Harvard
University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-674-32315-7. Translated into French as: De Français à paysans : modernité et
tradition dans le peuplement du Canada français. Sillery, Québec : Septentrion, 2001. ISBN 2894481969
• Dale, Ronald J., The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire, 1754-1763 (http://
books.google.ca/books?id=pZmpn3g3UFQC&lpg=PP1&dq=The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a
North American Empire, 1754-1763&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true) 2004, James Lorimer and Company,
Ltd., Toronto.
• Dechêne, Louise. Habitants and merchants in seventeenth-century Montreal (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=BL9X4N4DPBAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Habitants and merchants in seventeenth-century Montreal&
pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992. Translated from French by
Liana Vardi.
• Greer, Allan. The people of New France (http://books.google.ca/books?id=uKJAUqpAolQC&lpg=PP1&
dq=The people of New France&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1997.
ISBN 0-8020-7816-8.
• Havard, Gilles et Vidal, Cécile. Histoire de l'Amérique française. Paris : Flammarion, 2003. ISBN
2-08-210045-6.
• Kingsford, William Kingsford. The History of Canada: Canada under French rule (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=QZA-AAAAYAAJ&dq=Canada under British Imperial control&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Canada
10
New France
•
•
•
•
•
under British Imperial control&f=true) Roswell & Hutchinson, 1890 Harvard University
Lahaise, Robert et Vallerand, Noël. La Nouvelle-France 1524-1760. Outremont, Québec : Lanctôt, 1999. ISBN
2-89485-060-3.
Moogk, Peter N. La Nouvelle-France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history (http://www.questia.
com/PM.qst?a=o&d=21079078). East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-87013-528-7.
Trigger, Bruce. ( 1976) The Children of Aataentsic. A history of the Huron People to 1660 (http://books.google.
ca/books?id=T3NQ1lsaHs0C&lpg=PP1&dq=The Children of Aataentsic.A history of the Huron People to
1660&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true). Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
Wrong, George M. and Langton, H.H. (1914) The Chronicles of Canada: Volume II - The Rise of New France
(http://books.google.ca/books?id=N1sa7BGgDHQC&lpg=PP1&dq=Chronicles of Canada&
pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true) Fireship Press (2009), ISBN 1934757454
Wrong, George M. (1918), The Conquest of New France: A Chronicle of the Colonial Wars (http://books.
google.com/books?id=Hg3icC-WNdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1580572766&source=bl&
ots=dUGDBHsnG1&sig=p0RMi2iK6_2s08AWrCXr6S_whJQ&hl=en&ei=jXFxTZT0KIqcgQeNkZRP&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), Yale
University Press, ISBN 1580572766, retrieved 4 March 2011
External links
• The Virtual Museum of New France (http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/vmnfe.asp), Canadian Museum of
Civilization
• France In America (http://gallica.bnf.fr/FranceAmerique/page.asp?/en/T1-1-intro.htm?) Bibliothèque
nationale de France / Library of Congress site (click on Themes) - text and maps
• Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec (French) (http://pages.infinit.net/histoire/ydatnfqc.html) (List of
Governors, Intendants, and Bishops)
• New France: 1524-1763 (http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/NVFR2.HTM)
• Archives Canada-France. Digitisation project of the national archives of Canada and France (http://www.
archivescanadafrance.org)
• Seven Years War timeline (http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html)
• The Canadian Encyclopedia (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm)
• World Digital Library presentation of Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son
vray méridienor Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France. (http://hdl.loc.gov/
loc.wdl/wdl.280) Library of Congress.
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
New France Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440491531 Contributors: 16@r, 7, 8 Eye, A. Balet, APlen, Aaker, Aboluay, Access Denied, AdBo, Adam Bishop, Adam Clark,
Ahoerstemeier, Alai, Alansohn, Albertgenii12, Albrecht, Albus Porter, AlexiusHoratius, Alfanje, Aliasd, Allen4names, Almaniac, Alpha 4615, AlphaEta, Alvestrand, An Justified Wikipedian,
Anbuikid, Andrea105, Angela, Angelique, Antandrus, Antaya, Arakunem, Ariobarzan, ArmchairVexillologistDon, Astral, Astrowob, Atif.t2, Attilios, BD2412, Bazzargh, Beable, Bearcat, Being
blunt, Beland, Ben Ben, Bennetto, Benson85, Big Adamsky, Big iron, Biggerboom, Bkell, Bkonrad, Blanko4, BlueNovember, Bluerasberry, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boffob,
Boothy443, Borgx, BrentS, Briab10, Brian Crawford, Buaidh, Caltas, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, Carl Logan, Carpo, Catgut, Chamal N,
Christophenstein, Christopher Parham, Cinik, Civil Engineer III, Ckatz, Closedmouth, CmbLFC, Cmdrjameson, Colin Keigher, Connormah, Corbyn f, Corlyon, Corriebertus, Cromag,
Cuchullain, Cwiki, Cyp, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DITWIN GRIM, DO'Neil, Dabomb87, Darth Panda, Darwinek, Daubert, Davo88, Decumanus, Deipnosophista, Deltabeignet, Der Eberswalder,
DerHexer, Diannaa, Discospinster, Dj.fuzz, Doc glasgow, Dogposter, Doncram, DoubleBlue, Dove1950, Download, Dperazz, Droll, Dunkdad, E3man, Ebrawer, Ec.Domnowall, Eddie goodwin,
Edmilne, Edwy, Efghij, Efmcleanckm, Ekotkie, Elemesh, Eliz81, Epbr123, Equendil, EronMain, Escape Orbit, Etienne2007, Eulalie Écho, Everyking, Fat pig73, Flowerpotman, Flux.books,
Flyguy649, Func, Funnyhat, Fuzzy Logic, Fyyer, Fæ, Gakusha, Galmicmi, Ganfon, Gary King, Gilliam, Ginsengbomb, GoRight, Gogo Dodo, Goustien, Grafen, Granf, GreatWhiteNortherner,
Gwernol, HJ Mitchell, Hagisman, Hantsheroes, HappyInGeneral, Headbomb, Helli213, Hibernian, Highvale, Hillock65, Himasaram, HistoryBA, Hmains, Hmrox, Hogg28, Hustead, Hut 8.5,
Hypersite, I am phudu, IRP, Iancaddy, Icestorm815, Igoldste, Imran, Indefatigable, Intensity j, Interiot, InverseHypercube, Isabella 143, J.delanoy, JF Lepage, JFreeman, JQF, James086, Japeo,
Jauerback, Jengod, JillandJack, JimWae, Jitse Niesen, Jkeaton, JoanneB, Johanna-Hypatia, John254, Jonathan.s.kt, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jtlaw, Julesd, Kaare, Kaciemiller, Kaicarver,
Karanacs, Kelisi, Kevin Myers, Kevlar67, Kmusser, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kubigula, Kugao, L30l31)YLAN, LaFoiblesse, Lahiru k, LaidOff, Latka, Laurentien, Leandrod, Les Invisibles, Leslie
Mateus, LessHeard vanU, Lexicon, Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Ligulem, Lipton1995, Lir, Look2See1, LovesMacs, Luk, Lyellin, Lyonspen, M.nelson, MJCdetroit, Madmagic, Magmagirl,
Malcolmxl5, Man vyi, Martin451, Marty111, Mathboy155, Mathieugp, Max Naylor, McSly, Mddake, Med, Menchi, Mhking, Mic, Michael Hardy, Michalws, Microcell, Mindmatrix, Miss Pippa,
Miss.e.wiki, Mohammedessam, Montrealais, Moxy, Mrgreenfrog, Ms2ger, Murraykr, Mzajac, NYArtsnWords, Nakon, Narutoninja9, Nasugbu Batangas, Natalie Erin, NellieBly, NelsonFu,
Netito777, Neutralsource, NewEnglandYankee, Nick, Nick Number, Nick4gwen, Nickhk, Nicolas M. Perrault, Nik42, North Shoreman, North8000, NorwegianBlue, Nsaa, Oblivious, Oddbodz,
Odie5533, Off2riorob, OkiT47, Olivier, Omgcrazyguy, Orpheus, Ottawriter, P199, PFHLai, Panzer.tank515, Papppfaffe, Parkjunwung, Paul August, Pearle, Per Honor et Gloria, Persian Poet Gal,
Peter Karlsen, Peyre, Pfly, Pgan002, Philip Trueman, Philipsutherland, Piano non troppo, Picaballo, Pilar5678, Pinethicket, Pinpin44, Plasma east, Polylerus, Possum, Prince Albert's Unit,
Puchiko, Pwt898, Pyb, QuiteUnusual, RPellessier, Raydude444, Razorflame, Reach Out to the Truth, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, RickK, Rje, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Robchurch,
Ronhjones, Rouge425, RunOrDie, Runewiki777, Rutke421, Ryan Postlethwaite, Ryulong, Salmanazar, Sam Blacketer, Sampi, Sardanaphalus, Sashhenka, SchfiftyThree, Science4sail, Scottalter,
Sean William, Seraphim, ShelfSkewed, Shirulashem, Shlomke, SimonP, Skeeter08865, Skeezix1000, Skol fir, Slakr, Slightsmile, Smith9847, Smobri, Sn0wflake, SnowFire, Snowolf, Sodacan,
Soulscanner, SpaceFlight89, Spit, Spliffy, Sprite553, Stepshep, Sunderland06, SuperHamster, Sverdrup, Swift as an Eagle, TFCforever, Taketa, The King Of Gondor, The Rambling Man, The
Thing That Should Not Be, The sunder king, Themightyquill, Thingg, This user has left wikipedia, Tide rolls, TimothyPilgrim, Tofly666, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tom harrison, Tommy2010, Tony
Fox, Tony1, Topbanana, Tozznok, Trapper, Trek011, Tremblay, Truteau, U n82, U n83, Ukexpat, Unschool, Utcursch, VX, VasilievVV, Victor D, Victoriagirl, VolatileChemical, Vsmith,
WCCasey, Warofdreams, Wayne Slam, Wik, Wiki alf, Wikinist, Wikipelli, WilliamKF, Woohookitty, X OwNed X, XDanielx, Xiong Chiamiov, Xtrump, Yamamoto Ichiro, YellowMonkey,
YeshuaDavid, Yuckfoo, Yugoslav14, Zadcat, Zoltri, Zscout370, 937 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Pavillon LouisXIV.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pavillon_LouisXIV.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors:
Bluebear2
File:Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France & Navarre.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_&_Navarre.svg License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Sodacan
File:New France (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:New_France_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Martin23230
File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hoshie
File:Flag of New Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Spain.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Ningyou
File:Canadian Coat of Arms Shield.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canadian_Coat_of_Arms_Shield.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader
was Mercifull at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Zscout370 at en.wikipedia.
File:Samuel de Champlain Carte geographique de la Nouvelle France.jpg Source:
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David.Monniaux, Dbenbenn, Electionworld, Flamarande, Frank Schulenburg, HawkFest, HenkvD, Jkelly, Ms2ger, Mu, Olivier2, Origamiemensch, Skeezix1000, The Evil IP address, Yann,
Zyephyrus, ¡0-8-15!, 1 anonymous edits
File:Western New France, 1688.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Western_New_France,_1688.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vincenzo Coronelli
File:Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons 1632 Gabriel Sagard.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Le_Grand_Voyage_du_Pays_des_Hurons_1632_Gabriel_Sagard.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Gabriel Sagard (1632)
File:QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:
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File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0
Contributors: Pinpin
Image:NorthAmerica1762-83.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Jon
Platek
File:Constitution-of-new-france-1759.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Constitution-of-new-france-1759.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
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