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Weather Benchmark Test Study Guide Test is 11/11/15 Wednesday Name: Date: period: Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere- Describe the temperature and what is going on in each layer. Troposphere: warm to cold/ weather and life Stratosphere: cold to warm/ ozone layer/ jet stream shared with troposphere Mesosphere: very cold/ burns up meteors Thermosphere: very hot/ ionosphere Exosphere: extreme temps./ outer space/ satellites Composition of the atmosphere- list the 2 most abundant gasses and their percentages include other gases Nitrogen: 78% & Oxygen: 21% Air pressure and altitude: Describe the relationship between air pressure, altitude, and density. Draw a diagram to explain the relationship. Air pressure and density decrease as altitude increases/ should include mountain diagram Water Cycle- is also know as the hydrosphere Define the following terms and draw a water cycle diagram on a separate sheet. Evaporation: when water is heated by the sun and turns from a liquid to a gas Condensation: when water vapor (gas) cools and turns back into water droplets (liquid) Precipitation: when clouds become to full and heavy of water droplets and they fall down to the surface of Earth (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) Run-off: after precipitation when water “pools” or collects and follows gravity back into a larger body of water Transpiration: when moisture evaporates from plants and trees Clouds: Fill in the chart below to describe each cloud type Cloud Description/shape Type of Weather Altitude cirrus wispy Clear or cold front High cumulus Puffy/ cotton ball shape Clear or sunny Medium stratus Flat and layered Rainy Low or medium cumulonimbus Large, dark and tall Stormy Low to high (anvil top) Air masses, air pressure, fronts, and storms- Define and describe the following terms Air Mass: a large body of air with similar temp., air pressure, and humidity that takes on the characteristics of the area it is over Front: area where two air masses come together Cold Front: an cold air mass that is taking over a warm air mass Warm Front: a warm air mass that if taking over a cold air mass Stationary Front: Warm and cold air meet, but neither has the force to move the other. Occluded Front: Warm air mass is caught between two cold masses Draw and label the symbols for all 4 fronts below: Describe the type of weather in the following systems High pressure=fair weather; clockwise winds Low pressure=storms and precipitation; counterclockwise winds Complete the chart below on Storms/sever weather Severe Weather How it forms Hurricane Tornado Thunderstorms Where it forms What occurs Usually form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator over warm water Likely to form at frontal boundaries where strong thunderstorms are present Coastal areas with warm Form in large cumulonimbus clouds; Usually form along a cold front anywhere Weather instruments What do they measure, what is their unit of measurement, how is it used? Thermometers : measures temperature/ Celsius and Fahrenheit Psychrometer: measures relative humidity/ % Hygrometer: measures relative humidity/ % Barometers: measures air pressure/ millibars or inches Anemometers: measures wind speed/mph Wind vane: measures wind direction/ N, S, E, W Heat and solar energy: Define the terms and answer the questions. water Anywhere/ mainly in tornado alley How does solar energy effect Land? How does solar energy effect water? Convection: Conduction: Radiation: Heat travels from a hot object to a cold object Convection in the atmosphere How does convection help to heat the atmosphere? How do ocean currents influence the weather? Warm Gulf Stream ocean current brings warm water (and air) to the eastern US Cold California current brings cooler water (and air) to the western Pacific shoreline List and describe the 3 main climate/convection regions? Polar-found @ south and north poles- extremely cold Tropical-found around the equator-very warm/hot and humid year round Temperate-found between the polar and tropical areas-have more moderate temperatures Define and describe the following terms. Be sure to include the locations of each wind belt! Land breezes: warm air above the ocean rises (low pressure) and air from the land (high pressure) moves in to take its place. Usually happens at night. Sea breezes: hot air above the land rises (low pressure) and air from the ocean (high pressure) moves in to take its place. Usually happens during the day. Global Winds : winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances. Trade Winds :reliable winds, consistently blowing; between doldrums and horse latitudes Westerlies-consistent winds blowing from the west that are responsible for moving our weather systems Polar Easterlies Jet stream What causes global winds? Weather forecasting Station models—be able to read and interpret weather conditions Satellites, radar, computers—how have they helped forecasting? Isobars Isotherms Weather maps and symbols—how do you know if a front is approaching; high and low pressure areas, etc. Be able to read a map and use a key to answer questions about weather. Create 3 Station Models below and describe the type of weather that is occurring at each location. Model Temperature Cloud Coverage Wind direction Wind speed