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978-1-59823-631-6
59AL
This book is printed on paper containing
a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste.
Developed in Consultation
with Alabama Educators
6/17/09 12:41:36 PM
Table of Contents
Content
Standards
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Test-Taking Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Alabama Content Standards Correlation Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 1
Cells and Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lesson 1
Characteristics of Living Things . . . . . . . . 10
1, 2
Lesson 2
Responses to Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1
Lesson 3
Cells and Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2
Lesson 4
Single-Celled Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1, 4
Lesson 5
Effects of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1
Chapter 1 ASA Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 2
Comparing Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lesson 6
Classifying Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4
Lesson 7
Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2, 5
Comparing Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . 58
5
Lesson 8
Chapter 2 ASA Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Chapter 3
Animal Body Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Lesson 9
Levels of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3
Lesson 10
The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3
Lesson 11
The Circulatory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3
Lesson 12
The Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3
Lesson 13
The Digestive and Excretory Systems . . . 89
3
Lesson 14
The Muscular and Skeletal Systems. . . . . 94
3
Lesson 15
The Reproductive System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3
Chapter 3 ASA Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
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Lesson 5: Effects of Microorganisms
LESSON REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
Which phrase describes an infectious disease?
A.
can be spread from one person to another
B.
causes death when it is contracted
C.
is inherited from parents by offspring
D.
does not evoke an immune response
What disease can the organism shown below cause?
A.
African sleeping sickness
B.
amoebic dysentery
C.
malaria
D.
AIDS
Which of these diseases is caused by a virus?
A.
strep throat
B.
the common cold
C.
Lyme disease
D.
malaria
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Lesson 5: Effects of Microorganisms
Microbes and Disease
Did You Know
Not all pathogens
are microbes.
Some infectious
diseases are
caused by
parasitic worms.
A disease is any change that disrupts the normal function of the
body. Any agent that causes disease is called a pathogen. Many
diseases in humans and other organisms are caused by microbes.
Those microbes are a type of pathogen. A disease that is caused
by a microbe or other pathogen is called an infectious disease.
Infectious diseases are often transmitted, or spread, from one
organism to another.
Not all diseases are caused by microbes. Some diseases are
caused by exposure to certain chemicals in the environment.
Other diseases may be caused by inherited traits. You will learn
about some inherited diseases in Lesson 22. Diseases that are
not caused by pathogens are examples of noninfectious diseases
because they are not spread from one organism to another.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Many bacteria are pathogens. Diseases caused by bacteria
include cholera, Salmonella food poisoning, pneumonia, and
typhoid fever. The table lists some other diseases caused by
bacteria, along with their effects on the body.
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Disease
Bacterium
Effect on Body
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
“Bulls-eye” rash at
site of tick bite, fever,
fatigue, muscle aches,
joint aches
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Muscle spasms,
paralysis, death
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Fatigue, weight loss,
mild fever, cough, death
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
diphtheria
Sore throat, low-grade
fever
Strep Throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
Fever, sore throat,
swollen glands
Many diseases caused by bacteria have been brought under
control by antibiotics. However, misuse of antibiotics has allowed
some bacteria to become resistant to their effects. That is,
the antibiotic does not harm the resistant bacteria. Antibiotic
resistance has made it difficult to treat some bacterial diseases.
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5
Effects of Microorganisms
1
Getting the Idea
Key Words
microbe
decomposer
parasite
pathogen
infectious disease
virus
DNA
RNA
viral replication
In the last lesson, you learned that all bacteria and
some protists and fungi are single-celled. Most of
these organisms are too small to be seen without the use of a
microscope. Together, these tiny organisms are called microbes.
Viruses, which are not alive, are also sometimes called microbes.
Microbes—Helpful and Harmful
Microbes include a wide variety of organisms. Many microbes
are beneficial to the environment and to other organisms. For
example, some fungi benefit the environment by acting as
decomposers. A decomposer is an organism that gets energy
by breaking down and feeding on the wastes or remains of
other organisms. In this process, decomposers return important
nutrients to the soil. These nutrients can then be taken in and
used by plants.
Some microbes are helpful, while others can cause you to
get sick. E. coli are a large group of bacteria. Most E. coli are
harmless, and some are even helpful. A type of E. coli lives in your
intestines. These bacteria benefit you by helping you digest your
food. But other types of E. coli can make you sick. Some types
of E. coli can cause intestinal infections, pneumonia, and other
illnesses. Termites contain bacteria that let them digest wood.
People also use bacteria to make various foods, such as yogurt.
Some microbes are harmful to other organisms. For example,
some protists, fungi, and bacteria are parasites. A parasite is an
organism that lives on or in another organism. A parasite usually
uses the tissues or fluids of its host, the organism on which it lives,
as a source of food. Over time, this may weaken or sicken the host.
Helpful microbes, such as the E. coli in your gut, are not parasites.
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Lesson 5: Effects of Microorganisms
The protein shell of a virus is called a capsid. The shape of a virus
is determined by the proteins in its capsid. Some viruses also
have a protective coating called an envelope. This envelope may
be covered by tiny spikes that the virus uses to recognize and
attach to the cells it infects. The HIV virus shown is an example of
a virus that is enclosed in an envelope covered by spikes.
HIV
Envelope
Spikes
RNA and
capsid
Diseases Caused by Viruses
Viruses cause many infectious diseases. Examples include
the common cold, influenza (flu), polio, smallpox, yellow fever,
measles, and AIDS. Some cancers have also been linked to
viruses. For example, cervical cancer is sometimes caused by
exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV).
Viruses cause disease by damaging or killing cells. A virus
attaches itself to a healthy cell and injects its nucleic acid into the
cell. Once the hereditary material of a virus is inside a living cell,
the virus uses the cell to make more viruses in a process known
as viral replication.
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The diagram below shows how a bacteriophage, a virus that
invades bacteria, reproduces.
Bacteriophage attaches
to bacterial cell wall.
Bacterial cell wall opens and
virus particles are released.
Bacteriophage injects
DNA into bacterial cell.
Bacteriophage directs cell to make
viral nucleic acid and proteins.
Bacteriophage DNA and proteins
assemble into new viruses.
As a virus replicates, it may direct the cell in which it reproduces
to make toxic chemicals that damage or kill the cell. Those
chemicals may also harm other cells of the infected organism.
Meanwhile, the viral nucleic acid directs the making of new viruses
within the cell. Eventually the new viruses cause the host cell to
burst open. This kills the host cell and releases the virus particles.
These viruses can then infect and kill other cells. For example, in
a person with AIDS, the HIV virus copies itself so that it can infect
and kill a certain type of white blood cell. The immune system is
the body system that normally fights infection. Often, this system
can stop the spread of viruses. However, some viruses, such as
HIV, can often evade or resist the immune system.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are designed to kill bacteria.
Why would it be a bad idea to use antibiotics to treat diseases such as
African sleeping sickness, malaria, the common cold, and the flu? Why
might patients ask for antibiotics for those diseases?
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Diseases Caused by Protists
Did You Know
Viruses are so
small their sizes
are usually
measured in
nanometers, or
billionths of a
meter.
Many diseases are caused by protists. African sleeping sickness,
malaria, and dysentery are diseases caused by protists. The
protists that cause these diseases are parasites.
The protist that causes African sleeping sickness destroys red
blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells in your
body. Your cells need this oxygen to get energy from food.
When protists destroy red blood cells, other body cells do not
get enough oxygen to provide the energy they need. As a result,
people with this disease tire very easily.
Malaria is caused by a protist that reproduces inside red blood
cells. Over time, the protists cause the red blood cells to swell
and burst. This causes bouts of chills and fever that can be
life-threatening.
Amoebic dysentery is a disease caused by an amoeba. The
amoeba can live in food and water. When someone ingests the
amoeba, it moves to the intestines. The amoeba reproduces there,
causing ulcers and diarrhea.
Viruses
A virus is a particle made up of a nucleic acid enclosed by a
protein shell. Viruses lack nearly every characteristic of life. They
are not made of cells. They do not respond to stimuli. They do not
use energy for growth and development. The only characteristic
viruses share with organisms is the ability to reproduce. However,
viruses can only reproduce inside a living cell. Because viruses
lack most of the characteristics of living things, most scientists do
not consider viruses to be alive.
The nucleic acid of a virus can be either DNA or RNA. DNA,
or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the nucleic acid that carries the
genetic information of most organisms from one generation to
the next. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid used by most
organisms for protein synthesis.
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Chapter 4
Organisms and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Lesson 16
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7
Lesson 17
How Organisms Interact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7
Lesson 18
How Species Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6
Chapter 4 ASA Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 5
Genetics and Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lesson 19
Genes and Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8, 9
Lesson 20
DNA and RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10
Lesson 21
Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9, 11
Lesson 22
Genetics and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9, 11
Chapter 5 ASA Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Investigation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Investigation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
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