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TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
HEMATOLOGY
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
White blood cell count changes may indicate inflammation,
infection or neoplasm (leukemia).White cells mainly function to
ward off infection and participate in reparative processes in the
body (inflammation).
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body tissues. Decreased
levels may indicate anemia while in some cases elevations may
be seen in abnormal bone marrow (myeloproliferative and
myelodysplastic) disorders.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells and is an indicator
of the oxygen carriering ability of the blood cells. Low levels are
seen in anemias.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit measures the number of red blood cells compared
to the amount of fluid (serum) in your blood and is expressed
as a percentage.
MCV
MCV measures the average size of the red cells in the blood.
It is increased in association with vitamin B12 and folic acid
deficiencies as well as increased alcohol consumption.
MCH
MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin in the red
cells. MCV, MCH and MCHC further qualify abnormalities in the
red cells and discern a potential underlying etiology.
MCHC
MCHC measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in
a given volume of blood. MCV, MCH and MCHC further qualify
abnormalities in the red cells and discern a potential underlying
etiology.
RDW
RDW measures the variability of red blood cell size.
Platelet count
Platelets function in the clotting blood. Increased counts may be
associated with conditions that result in clot formation while
decreased counts may be associated with conditions that result
in bleeding.
MPV
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of the
platelets. Lower MPV levels may be associated with low bone
marrow production of platelets while an elevated MPV may
be associated with an increased bone marrow production of
platelets.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
Neutrophils
Neutrophils may be elevated with bacterial infections.
Decreased levels indicate an increased risk of infection.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are elevated in response to viral infections.
Decreased levels may be seen with hepatitis and immune
deficiencies.
Monocytes
Monocytes are elevated certain infections and auto-immune
diseases.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are elevated in response to allergies, skin diseases
and parasitic infections.
Basophils
Basophils may be increased in allergic conditions as well as
some neoplastic disorders.
Blood type
The blood type is defined by markers (antigens) on the surface
of the red cells. The major blood group antigens are A, B, O and
Rh. The ABO test defines four blood types: A, B, AB or O. The
Rh blood type is either positive (present) or negative (absent).
URINALYSIS
Urine color
Urine color is affected by diet, fluid intake, medications and
disease.
Urine clarity
Urine is normally clear; however, bacteria, blood, sperm, crystals
and mucus which may be present in the urine may result in a
cloudy appearance.
Urine glucose
When the sugar (glucose) level in the blood is very high
(diabetes), sugar is excreted into the urine. It can also be
present in cases of kidney damage or disease.
Urine bilirubin
Bilirubin is a result red cell breakdown (natural turnover) and
is produced by the liver. In cases of liver dysfunction, excess
bilirubin may spill into the urine.
Urine ketones
Ketones are a by-product of fat metabolism (breakdown) and
are excreted in the urine. Increased urine ketones may be seen
in diabetes, diets low in starches (carbohydrates), starvation and
severe vomiting.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
Urine specific gravity
Specific gravity measures the amount of substances in the urine
as an indicaor of kidney function. Elevations in specific gravity
indicate increased substances in the urine. When the body
is low on fluids, the urine has a lower water content, higher
substance content and thus a higher specific gravity.
Urine blood
Although not normally present in the urine, blood may be found
in asociation with inflammation, infection and damage to the
kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Strenuous exercise may
also result in this condition.
Urine pH
The pH measures the acidicity or alkalinity of the urine. With a
pH of 7 being neutral, a urine with a pH <7 is considered acidic
while a urine with a pH >7 is basic (alkaline).
Urine protein
Although not normally present in the urine, protein may be
observed due to fever, intense exercise, pregnancy and kidney
disease.
Urine Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a waste product formed by inestinal bacteria
and excreted in the urine. Increased urobilinogen is seen
with hemolysis and liver disease. Low urine urobilinogen may
accompany obstructive jaundice or treatment with broadspectrum antibiotics.
Urine nitrite
Ntrites are used as a screening test for a possible urinary
tract infection due to bacteria that have an enzyme capable of
converting nitrates to nitrites.
Urine leukocytes (WBC)
White blood cells in the urine may indicate the presence of an
infection.
Cellular Elements
The urine is typically free of red blood cells (RBC), white
blood cells (WBC), epithelial cells (cells that line the urinary
tract), bacteria and hyaline casts. These elements may be seen
in various mixtures in the urine with kidney disease, kidney or
bladder infections and malignancies.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
ENDOCRINE
TSH
Produced in the brain and secreted into the blood, TSH acts
on the thyroid gland in the neck to secrete thyroid hormone
(T4). Increased TSH may indicate low thyroid hormone levels
(hypothyroidism) while decreased TSH may indicate high
thyroid hormone levels (hyperthyroidism, Grave’s disease).
Free T4
Free Thyroxine (FT4) is performed in light of an abnormal TSH
to guide your physician to an accurate diagnosis. If the thyroid
gland is overactive, typically the TSH is low and the Free T4 is
elevated.
Free T3
Free T3 concentrations can be helpful in assessing thyroid gland
health. Increased Free T3 indicates high thyroid hormone levels
(hyperthyroidism, Grave’s disease) while decreased Free T3
indicates low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism).
Hemoglobin A1C (aka Glyco-HgbA1C)
In general terms HgbA1C measures the glucose molecules
that are bound to the surface of the red blood cells during
the life span of the red cells (120 days). This test gives an
average glucose level over a period of 60–90 days. Thus, unlike
the glucose test which is static for a specific moment in time
(time of blood draw), the HgbA1C is fluid and can be used to
diagnosis and/or monitor diabetes.
Glucose
This is a test for blood “sugar” and a screen for diabetes.
Increased glucose is processed to fat. Obesity has markedly
increased over the last 2 decades in the US population.
Increases in blood pressure and abnormal lipid metabolism
combined with increased glucose levels are the hallmarks of the
“metabolic syndrome.”
Testosterone
Testosterone is an androgenic (male) hormone that influences
sexual features and development. It is made in the testes in
men, the ovaries in women and in small amounts by the adrenal
glands in both men and women.
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary
gland in the brain and influences the menstrual cycle and egg
production by the ovaries. The FSH level is highest just before
ovulation.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
LH
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland in
the brain and regulates the menstrual cycle and ovulation. The
level of LH varies with the phase of the menstrual cycle peaking
just before ovulation occurs. LH and FSH levels rise and fall
together during the menstrual cycle.
Pregnancy (HCG), Qual, Serum
Qualitative hCG detects the presence of hCG. This is a routine
test used to confirm pregnancy.
NUTRITION
Sodium
Sodium and Chloride are electrolytes that are important in
balancing the salt and water between your tissues and your
blood vessels to maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure,
and pH of your body fluids.
Chloride
Sodium and Chloride are electrolytes that are important in
balancing the salt and water between your tissues and your
blood vessels to maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure,
and pH of your body fluids.
Potassium
Sodium, Chloride and Potassium are electrolytes that are
important in balancing the salt and water between your tissues
and your blood vessels to maintain proper blood volume, blood
pressure, and pH of your body fluids. Abnormal potassium
levels may cause symptoms such as muscle cramps or weakness,
nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination, low blood pressure,
confusion, irritability, paralysis, and changes in heart rhythm.
Carbon dioxide
Carcon dioxide is a gas that is dissolved in the blood. The level
of this gas is regulated by the kidneys and lungs through the
balance of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and carbonic acid and
thus has an affect on the pH of your blood.
Calcium
Bone is the primary site of calcium storage in the body.
Calcium works with Vitamin D for the over health and function
of our skin, hair, bones, teeth, heart and nerves. Calcium is
important in clot formation also.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus tests are most often ordered along with other
tests, such as those for calcium and vitamin D to help diagnose
and/or monitor treatment of various conditions that cause
calcium and phosphorus imbalances. Phosphorus abnormalities
may be associated with kidney and gastrointestinal disorders.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally produced
by exposing the skin to sunlight. It can also be obtained by
supplementation and diet. It works in concert with Calcium for
overall bone, skin and hair health. Deficiency of this vitamin may
contribute to osteoporosis in adults.
Protein (total)
The total serum protein is comprised mainly of albumin
and globulins derived from our diet. Proteins are important
in building tissues, such as muscle and for maintaining fluid
between the tissues and blood vessels in the maintenance of
proper blood volume and blood pressure.
Albumin
Albumin is made in the liver and is involved in a host of funtions
within the body. One such function is to maintain the fluid
balance between the tissues and the blood. Albumin also is a
carrier for substances such as medications to other parts of the
body.
A/G Ratio
Protein is a measurement that can be used to assess nutritional
status. The A/G ratio is the relationship of albumin to protein
and can be used to assess the cause of protein level changes.
A low A/G ratio may be seen in multiple myeloma, autoimmune
diseases, cirrhosis and kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome).
A high A/G ratio may be seen in some leukemias. More specific
tests, such as albumin, liver enzyme tests, and serum protein
electrophoresis must be performed to make an accurate
diagnosis.
Iron
Iron plays many important roles in the body with none larger
than its role in allowing hemoglobin to carry oxygen from the
lungs to all of the body and move carbon dioxide from the
tissues back to the lungs.
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
TIBC measures the total capacity of the protein transferrin to
carry iron in the blood.
Percent (%) Saturation
Transferrin is a protein that transports iron. Transferrin %
saturation reflects the percent saturation and the remaining
capacity to carry iron.
Ferritin
Ferritin is a protein that reflects the amount of storage iron
the body has in reserve. This is used in the diagnosis of anemias
and genetic diseases associated with abnormal iron metabolism
(hemochromatosis).
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
LIVER TESTS
Bilirubin, total
Bilirubin is helpful in evaluating liver function during the course
of evaluating jaundice (yellowing of the skin). Elevated levels may
be associated with blockage of bile ducts, inflammation of the
liver, trauma, drugs (medications) and chronic alcohol abuse.
Bilirubin, direct
Bilirubin is helpful in evaluating liver function during the course
of evaluating jaundice (yellowing of the skin). Elevated levels of
direct bilirubin may indicate liver disease.
Bilirbin, Indirect
Bilirubin is helpful in evaluating liver function during the course
of evaluating jaundice (yellowing of the skin). Increased indirect
total bilirubin may be associated with hemolytic or pernicious
anemias, transfusion reactions and cirrhosis of the liver
Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase is primarily produced in the liver and to
lesser amounts in the bone. Levels of this enzyme reflect bone
forming cell activity as well as obstruction of bile flow from the
liver. Conditions associated with elevated enzyme levels include
liver disease, rapid bone growth (during puberty), bone disease
(osteomalacia or Paget’s disease).
GGT
GGT is an enzyme located withn liver cells and is used to
evalulate the health of the liver. Damage to the liver cells results
in release of this enzyme into the blood.
AST
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in the
liver, red blood cells, heart, muscle, pancreas and kidneys.
Elevated levels may indicate disease or damage to one of these
organs or cells.
ALT
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in various
cells. Commonly measured clinically as a part of an evaluation of
liver health. Elevated levels can occur in liver damage.
Hepatitis A Antibody IgM (HAV Ab IgM)
IgM antibody to Hepatitis A in the serum indicates an acute
infection of the liver
Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg)
This marker is used to diagnose acute or chronic infection. It is
the first marker to appear in an acute infection. Disappearance
indicates recovery from infection. Persistence of this marker
for more than six months indicates a chronic infection and the
individual may become a carrier. Individuals tested within 72
hours after administration of the Hepatitis B vaccine may test
as positive.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
Hepatitis B core Antibody IgM (HBcAb IgM)
This marker is useful in the 2–16 week period after infection
during which Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) is negative.
HBcAb IgM is detectable for 3–12 months. A positive HBcAb
IgM result with a positive HBsAg indicates acute infection. Low
levels may be detected in patients with chronic infection.
Hepatitis C Antibody (HCV Ab)
This marker is positive 8–12 weeks to several months after
infection with Hepatitis C. A false-positive reaction may be seen
in individuals with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and
alcoholic liver disease. The antibody does not imply immunity.
KIDNEY TESTS
Urea nitrogen (BUN)
Urea (BUN) is a waste product of the body excreted in the
urine and results from protein breakdown. This compound
reflects kidney funtion and protein metabolism in the body.
Elevated levels of Urea may be associated with heart failure,
dehydration, a diet high in protein and kidney damage. Liver
disease or damage may be associated with a decreased BUN
level.
Creatinine
Creatinine is derived from muscle breakdown, is filtered by
the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Men generally have
higher levels of creatinine than women due to the differences
in the amount of muscle. Elevations of creatinine may indicate
decreased kidney function or muscle damage.
BUN: Creatinine Ratio
The BUN/creatinine ratio can help in determining if an elevated
BUN is due to poor kidney function or non-kidney issues such
as dehydration.
GFR
GFR is a measure of kidney function. It is estimated (eGFR)
by using a formula based upon the creatinine level. The eGFR
is used to aid in the early detection of chronic kidney disease
(CKD) and minimize kidney damage which is often progressive.
CKD can be seen with diabetes and high blood pressure.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
CANCER TESTS
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
PSA is produced by the male prostate organ and is released
into the blood. Low levels of PSA are detected in healthy
individuals. PSA levels increase in the blood normally with
age, after prostate examination, and due to sexual activity.
Abnormal increases are seen in associations with prostate
injury, inflammation (prostatitis) and prostate cancer.
HEART TESTS
High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
CRP is elevated in response to infection, inflammation and
injury. Elevateed levels of CRP have also bee n associated with
an increased risk of blood vessel disease (atherosclerosis).
Lipid Panel
This panel measures the different types fats and fatty substances
used by the body for energy as well as those that contribute to
hardening and blockage of arteries (atherosclerosis)
Cholesterol Total
Cholesterol is an fat used by the body to produce hormones
and cells. High levels may be associated with a higher risk of
heart disease, narrowed blood vessels and stroke. The total
cholesterol includes the sum total of lipids such as HDL
cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Diet, exercise
and medications may help to lower your cholesterol.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are fats utilized by the body as an energy source.
Triglyceride levels are an indication of how efficiently your body
processes fat. Fasting a minimum of 8–12 hours is necessary
for an accurate result. High triglyceride levels may increase a
person’s risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD).
HDL-Cholesterol
HDL cholesterol is the “good” cholesterol which is part of
the process of removing excess cholesterol form the tissues.
Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are desirable and may be
increased with regular exercise. Low HDL cholesterol levels
have been associated with smoking, obesity, diets high in fats
and carbohydrates, sedentary lifestyle and chronic alcohol
consumption.
TEST NAME
DESCRIPTION
LDL-Cholesterol
LDL cholesterol is the “bad” cholesterol because elevated
levels are a risk factor for hardening of the arteries resulting
in decreased blood flow to organs including the heart. It is
calculated through a mathematical formula using the Total
cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and Triglyceride levels. When
triglycerides are elevated (>400) a directly measured LDLcholesterol is available.
LDL/HDL Cholesterol Ratio
As an indicator of heart disease risk, a lower ratio is associated
with a lower risk fo heart disease.
LDL/HDL Cholesterol Ratio
As an indicator of heart disease risk, a lower ratio is associated
with a lower risk fo heart disease.
VLDL-Cholesterol
VLDL, like LDL, contributes to the risk for heart disease.
VLDL is a calculated through a mathematical formula using the
triglycerides. Fasting a minimum of 8–12 hours is necessary for
an accurate result.