Download Unit 1 Study Guide

2011-2012
Mock EOC Study Guide
1. What is osmosis? How do the particles move? Movement of water particles from high to
low concentration
2. Give the subunits for the following biomolecules:
a. Carbohydrates
sugars
b. Proteins
amino acids
c. Lipids
fatty acids
d. Nucleic Acids
nucleotides
3. What three components make up a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate & base (ATGC)
4. What is homeostasis? Give an example in the human body. Maintaining an internal
balance; sweating or chills, insulin controlling blood sugar, kidneys maintaining proper
body fluids.
5. What is an enzyme? How does it affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction?
protein that SPEEDS up a chemical reaction.
Picky
6. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be opposites? What is made
in photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration, i.e. photosynthesis makes glucose &
oxygen and cellular respiration breaks down glucose using oxygen.
7. What organelle must a cell have to undergo photosynthesis? Chloroplasts
8. What two phases make up the cell cycle?
Mitosis & cytokinesis
9. List the phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase
10. In which phase is DNA replicated?
S-phase of Interphase
11. How does cancer affect the body?
Uncontrollable cell growth
12. What is the significance of meiosis to a species?
13. What are gametes & what is their function?
14. Why are gametes haploid?
Genetic variation
Haploid sex cells used for reproduction
When they unite they form a diploid zygote
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15. What structures do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common? Cell membrane
16. What do viruses and bacteria have in common?
17. What do all living things have in common?
Proteins and genetic material
Genetic material
18. Below is an insertion mutation. How many amino acids would be added to this sequence as
a result of this mutation?
Original strand
AUG GGG UGA
Mutated strand
AUG CCC CUG GGG UGA
TWO
19. What type of mutation is occurring in the chromosome below? If the chromosome below
was inherited by an offspring, how significant would the mutation be?
deletion mutation; very significant
because a large portion of the
chromosome has been removed
20. What process does the above diagram represent? Protein synthesis
21. What is transcription and where does it take place? What number represents transcription above?
The conversion of DNA into mRNA; takes place in the nucleus; step 2
22. Where are proteins made?
ribosomes
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23. Unattached earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e). A man with attached
earlobes marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait. What would the genotypes of
their children be?
50% Ee & 50% ee
E
e
e
Ee
Ee
e
ee
ee
24. In rabbits, black is dominant to white. If a rabbit has a litter of 8, of which 4 are black and 4
are white. What would the genotypes of the parent rabbits be?
Bb & bb to get a 1:1 or 50/50 ratio
Bb
Bb
bb
bb
25. What amino acid chain will be produced
by the DNA strand below?
TAC AGG CTT ACT
AUG UCC GAA UGA mRNA
Meth – Ser – Glut - Stop
26. Using the DNA fingerprints from a crime scene, which suspect do you think is the criminal?
Suspect #2
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27. Chameleons prey on insects. Why would it be beneficial to them to be able to change their
color to match that of their surroundings? To hunt their prey more easily
28. According to the chart, which two organisms are most closely related?
Human & Gorilla
29. Nitrogen fixing bacteria are found on the roots of some plants. These bacteria are provided
energy and a home by the plants while the bacteria convert nitrogen for the plant. What
term best describes the relationship between these organisms?
mutualism
30. Circle the statements below that are TRUE.
A virus is larger than a bacteria cell.
A virus cannot replicate on its own, but bacteria can.
A virus attacks a cell’s genetic material while bacteria use toxins to kill a cell.
Both viruses and bacteria have proteins.
A virus does not have a nucleus, but bacteria do have nuclei.
Both viruses and bacteria have genetic material.
31. Which of the following components of natural selection provides a species with the BEST
chance for survival?
A. organisms produce more offspring than can survive
B. genetic variation
C. selective breeding
32. Explain how the following multicellular organisms obtain energy.
Animals – heterotrophs
Fungi –
decomposers
Plants – autotrophs
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33. Greg is testing the effect fertilizer has on pumpkins. His experiment requires 20 pumpkins.
10 pumpkins were given the 10mL of water and 10mL of fertilizer. The other 10 pumpkins
are just given 10mL of water. Greg made sure to write his procedure clearly and using
specific amounts so other people could reproduce his experiment. Why is important to
design experiments so others can reproduce them exactly?
To ensure reliability of
results.
34. Fossils are the preserved remains of organisms that lived in the past. How can scientists use
fossil records to describe the history of species on Earth?
Shows how species evolve
over time from simpler to more complex organisms.
35. Suzie Q sets up the following experiment. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are
all the same age & height. She places one in the white light, one in blue light, one in green
light, one in red light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle-Gro &
given 20ml of water once a day for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, Suzie observes the plants &
makes measurements. Which variable is being tested? Independent – colors of light
Organism
Type of
Reproduction
Sea sponge
Asexual
Or Sexual
Salamander
Camel
Sexual
Sexual
Early
Stage
Adult
36. Which two species are most closely related?
Salamander & camel
37. John Doe has two indoor plants. Plant #1 is closer to the window than Plat #2 and is much
healthier. How can John improve the health of Plant #2? What gas is plant #1 producing in
a higher volume than Plant #2?
Move plant #2 closer to the light source; oxygen
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38. Based on the above classification scheme, the Black Bear and the Fox are in same ORDERS ,
but in different FAMILIES .
39. A farmer uses a pesticide on his crops to kill off the insects. Which organism in the food
chain would be the first to decline in population?
mouse
40. The different species of tortoise above all descended from a single species. They live on
separate islands now and eat different kinds of food. What factor probably contributed to
the development of these different species?
Geographic isolation
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41. What is the main role of bacteria and fungi?
Decomposers
42. Fruit bats live in cacti. The cacti provide homes for the bats. What additional information
would make this a mutualistic relationship?
Bats pollinate the cacti
43. What is secondary succession? Give two examples.
Re-establishment of a community
after a natural disaster; Forest fire, flood, tsunami, avalanche, mudslide.
44. What can similarities in bone structure reveal about different organisms?
45. What is a structural adaptation? Give two examples.
a species to survive
Common ancestor
A physical adaptation that enables
46. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria obtain carbon from dead plant matter and then release
that carbon into the atmosphere. The same carbon is then returned to the plants for use in
photosynthesis. What would happen if decomposers where removed? The amount of
carbon released back into the atmosphere would decrease.
47. In an ecosystem, which level comes between the producers and the carnivores?
herbivores
48. Which organelle controls the processes of
the cell and contains DNA?
Nucleus - #3
49. What cellular process will be stopped if ribosomes are removed from a cell? Protein synthesis
50. What is the genotype of person 4?
XhY