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SUPERVISOR'S USE ONLY
NEW ZEALAND QUALI FICATIONS AUTHORITY
MANA TOHU MATAUR.ANGA 0 AOTEAR.OA
Level 2 Biology, 2013
91157 Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation
and change
9.30am Friday 22 November 2013
Credits: Four
Achievement
Demonstrate understanding of genetic
variation and change.
Achievement with Merit
Demonstrate in-depth understanding of
genetic variation and change.
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate comprehensive
understanding of genetic variation and
change.
Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the
top of this page.
You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.
If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly
number the question.
Check that this booklet has pages 2-10 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.
YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.
Not Achieved
TOTAL
7
ASSESSOR' S USE ONLY
©New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2013. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.
3
You are advised to spend 60 minutes answering the questions in this booklet.
QUESTION ONE: DIHYBRID INHERITANCE
For copyright reasons, this resource
cannot be reproduced here.
http://brian-howlett.blogspot.co.nzl2010/05/sweet-pea-purple.html
In the sweet pea plant, Lathyrus odoratus, the allele for purple (P) flower colour is dominant over
the allele for red (p) flower colour. A second gene determines the shape of the pollen. Long (L)
pollen is dominant over round (1) pollen.
(a)
A purple, long-pollen plant, PPLL is crossed with a red, round-pollen, ppll plant.
Give the genotype of the F 1 generation:
(c)
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Give th~~ll-ected_pheno!YQe _ ratio for th~ross you have completed.
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Biology 91157,2013
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(d)
When biologists crossed the F 1 plants to produce F2 offspring, their observed phenotype ratio
was different from the expected phenotype ratio in (c).
.
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Observed
phenotype ratio
Purple, long (PpLl)
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They concluded that the gene for colour and the gene for pollen shape were not independently
assorting as expected; therefore the genes must be linked.
Discuss why the expected phenotype ratio you calculated is different from the observed
ratio the biologists actually observed.
In your answer:
•
describe linkage
•
explain why linked genes do not assort independently
•
explain how crossing over produces recombinants
•
discuss how crossing over resulted in the low occurrence of purple, round-pollen and
red, long-pollen phenotypes.
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6
QUESTION TWO: VARIATION
'
The phenotype of a eat's coat is determined by different genes and
alieies.
For copyright reasons, this resource
cannot be reproduced here.
http://www.warrenphotographic.eo.uk/29139-tabby-and-black-kittens
Co-dominance
Incomplete dominance
Complete dominance
BB
Bb
bb
ss
LL
black coat
black and tan coat (tabby)
tan coat
Ss
ss
extensive spotting in coat
medium spotting in coat
no spotting in coat
Ll
11
short hair coat
short hair coat
long hair coat
(a) Using the table above, explain why co-dominance, incomplete dominance, and complete
... do1Ili1l(;lnce Pt:94l1C:~ qifferent phenotypes in cats.
In your answer include:
•
a description of co-dominance, incomplete dominance, and complete dominance
•
an explanation of how genotypes for each gene produce the different phenotypes.
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(b)
Sources of variation in a gene pool result from the biological processes such as independent
assortment and mutation.
AS!;>ESSiJR'S
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Discuss how independent assortment and mutation lead to variatio):l within a gene pool.
In your answer:
o
describe independent assortment and mutation
o
explain why mutations are the major source of new alleles in a population AND why
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cmripare and contrast how independent assortriienfandmufationproducevadatioif
within an organism.
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Biology 91157, 2013
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·a
QUESTION THREE: GENE POOLS
Thefmit.flyDrosophi/apseudoobscura .is. endemic.to. North~America ... WithintheJast50years, . . Luo;:; ............ h'''"''·'·~·· · 1
species has invaded New Zealand.
Recent genetic analysis comparing the North American and New Zealand populations has shown
a strong founder effect of D. pseudoobscura colonising New Zealand, with 6 individuals in the
. . . f()1lnding population.
__ _ __
............:.. : :..:.· :: :..: . .· .:..:·
·.·.-
··· in North America
;,;,;;
::.. ·
.
~nd New-Zealand
For copyright reasons, this resource
cannot be reproduced here.
Reiland, Jet al,Journal ofHeredity, 2002,93: 415-420
The New Zealand population shows fewer alleles at each gene locus studied.
Discuss why the New Zealand population of D. pseudoobscura shows such low genetic diversity
compared to the North American population.
In your answer include:
•
a description of the founder effect
•
an explanation of how genetic drift has affected New Zealand's population
•
a discussion of why the New Zealand population has fewer alleles at each locus compared to
the North American population.
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Biology 91157, 2013
10
Extra paper if required.
Write the question number's) if applicable.
QUESTION
NUMBER
\
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-·--··-·· -·-··-·---·-- ·-·---·-·---·
_____\,__
Biology 91157,2013
ASSES
!JS~~
Not Achieved
Total= 07
Question 1 Candidate provides evidence towards A3 rather than A4 by correctly providing the
genotype and completing the pun net square
A3
Question 2 One correct description for mutation has been given
N2
Question 3 One correct description for genetic drift has been given
N2