Download Ordovician - Indiana University Bloomington

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Ordovician
The Cincinnatian and the Richmondian Invasion
P. David Polly
Department of Geological Sciences
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
[email protected]
The Cincinnatian (painting by John Agnew from A Sea Without
Fish: Life in the Ordovician Sea of the Cincinnati Region, D.L.
Meyer and R.A. Davis, Indiana University Press.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Objectives
1. The Ordovician system in Indiana
2. Cambrian and Ordovician life
3. Taconic Orogeny and the formation of the Cincinnati Arch
4. Paleogeography of the Cincinnatian in Indiana
5. Facies
6. Cincinnati School of paleontology
7. Ordovician life
8. The Richmondian invasion and the end-Ordovician extinction
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Bedrock and Physiography
Ordovician
Oldest
(470 mya)
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Youngest (300 mya)
Bedrock Geology of Indiana. 2002.
H. H. Gray (data compiler). Indiana Geological Survey.
Map of Indiana showing physiographic divisions. 2001, by
Henry Gray. Indiana Geological Survey.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Ordovician Rock Units
Three main formations:
Kope Fm
Dillsboro Fm
Whitewater Fm
Global stage: Katian
NA series:
Cincinnatian
Sequence:
Tippecanoe
Age range: 445.6 - 455.8 mya
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Cambrian: Burgess Shale, British Columbia
A classic soft-preservation Middle Cambrian site
505 million years
Hallucigenia
Anomalocaris
Wolcott Quarry, British Columbia
Wiwaxia
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Evolution of Trophic Levels and ‘Evolutionary Arms Race’
Pre-vendian: primary producers (stromatolites)
Vendian / Ediacaran: primary producers, soft bodied animals,
few scavengers, few grazers, few predators.
Earliest Cambrian: primary producers, soft and shelly bodied
animals, some grazers, some scavengers, few predators.
Middle Cambrian: many shelly bodied animals, many grazers,
scavengers, predators, all bottom dwelling, move into intertidal
waters.
Ordovician: first floating, swimming, and burrowing animals.
Three-fold increase in number of species. Most dramatic
increase in diversity recorded during geologic history.
Shells, spines, and other skeletal parts, as well as
swimming and burrowing, evolved in the context of
increasing predation
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Bedrock Geology of Indiana. 2002.
H. H. Gray (data compiler). Indiana Geological Survey.
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Madison, Indiana
(photos by PD Polly)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Regional structure
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Continental side
Oceanic Side
A typical orogenic episode
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Modern Orogeny
Mountains and Island Arcs
Eurasian
Plate
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Korea
Japan
Pacific
Plate
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
The Taconic Orogeny
(Cambrian through Ordovician)
Subduction zones shown in black
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern
Kentucky Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
The Taconic Orogeny
Late Ordovician
Late Cambrian
Early Cambrian
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Taconic orogeny shifted blocks of Precambrian
basement to form Cincinnati Arch
(Early Cambrian through Ordovician)
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky
Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Cross section through the Cincinnati Arch
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern
Kentucky Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Cincinnatian (Late Ordovician)
paleogeography
Meyer and Davis, 2009. A Sea Without Fish. IU Press, Bloomington.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Marine environments or facies of the Cincinnatian
A facies is a body of rock that has specific characteristics (sedimentary or faunal)
because it was formed under specific sedimentary conditions.
Meyer and Davis, 2009. A Sea Without Fish. Indiana U. Press, Bloomington.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
US 421 road cut at Madison, Indiana
Contact between Dillsboro and Whitewater formations
.
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Dillsbo
ro Fm.
Photo 2008 by P. David Polly
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Tabulate coral heads at the base of the
Saluda Limestone (Whitewater Fm.)
Photos 2008, P. David Polly
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Fossiliferous localities in the Cincinnati Arch
Stigall, 2010. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of
species invasions during the Richmondian invasion.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 13.1.5A.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
The Cincinnati School
Early paleontologists of the Ordovician (1840 – 1910)
Charles Schuchert
Amateur collector, later
Smithsonian scientist and
Professor at Yale University
1858-1942
Samuel A. Miller
Attorney and scientist
1837-1897
August Foerste (left), Dayton school teacher 1862-1936, and Ray Bassler
(right), Smithsonian scientist 1878-1961, with Amadeus Grabau (center)
New York paleontologist and stratigraphic geologist.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Charles Lyell
Visits Cincinnati and the Ordovician* rocks there in 1842
(*thought of as Silurian in age at the time)
After seeing at Cincinnati several fine collections of
recent and fossil shells in the cabinets of Messrs.
Buchanan, Anthony, and Clark, I examined with care the
quarries of blue limestone and marl in the suburbs. The
organic remains here are remarkably well preserved for
so ancient a rock, especially those occurring in a
compact argillaceous blue limestone, not unlike the lias
of Europe. …On both sides of the Atlantic, these ancient
marine formations are characterized by a prodigious
development of one peculiar family of mollusca, called
brachiopoda…. --shells , which as they inhabit deep
water, are little known, and have received no common
name in our language.
-Lyell, 1845
Travels in North America
Lyell later visited David Dale Owen in New Harmony in
1849.
Sir Charles Lyell
British geologist, author of
Principles of Geology
1797-1875
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Life in the Cincinnatian Seas
Crinoid
(Echinodermata)
Sea star
(Echinodermata)
Nautiloid
(Mollusca)
Jellyfish
(Cnidaria)
Horn coral
(Cnidaria)
Bryozoan colony
(Bryozoa)
Trilobite
(Arthropoda)
Brachiopods
(Brachiopoda)
The Cincinnatian (painting by John Agnew from A Sea Without Fish: Life in the Ordovician
Sea of the Cincinnati Region, D.L. Meyer and R.A. Davis, Indiana University Press.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Sepkoski’s three Evolutionary Faunas
and five mass extinctions
Sepkoski, J. J., 1992. Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phaneroic history of marine biodiversity. Pp.
77-97 in N. Eldredge (ed.), Systematics, Ecology, and the Biodiversity Crisis. Columbia University Press, New York.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
The Richmondian Invasion
Change in fossils in Late Ordovician related to rise in sea level
Stigall, 2010. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of
species invasions during the Richmondian invasion.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 13.1.5A.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Global Sea Level through the Phanerozoic
From Hallam and Vail
•
•
•
Low sea level in Cambrian
Rising through the Ordovician
Falling starting at Late Ordovician
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
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Middle Ordovician (470 mya)
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Tac
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nta
ins
Late Ordovician (450 mya)
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University
(c) 2012, P. David Polly
Geol G-308
Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Summary
Cincinnatian is a North American chronostratigraphic unit of Late Ordovician.
Taconic Orogeny created first mountain range along what is now the east coast
during Cambrian and into Ordovician.
Cincinnati arch and associated basins formed during Taconic Orogeny.
Facies are different, contemporaneous sedimentary and life environments, often
related to water energy level and water depth.
Different organisms live in different facies and the study of organisms across space
and through time is both complicated and scientifically rewarding.
Changes in sea level changed water depth, facies, and geographic barriers,
allowing the Richmondian Invasion of the Cincinnatian region.
Richmondian Invasion increased diversity by adding new species to
paleocommunity.
End Ordovician extinction later decreased diversity.