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Families of Elements by Lisa Sajons Hydrogen has 1 Valence electron is the lightest element on the periodic table reacts vigorously with oxygen is used to make such key materials as ammonia for agricultural fertiliser is an essential element for life is found in the sun and most of the stars, and is easily the most abundant element in the universe Group 1 Alkali-Metals sodium ☝ Group #1 has one valence electron and forms a +1 cation ☝ elements of group 1 are rarely found in its pure form in nature ☝ Sodium belongs to group 1 because it has one valence electron ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ Sodium is highly reactive spontaneously ignites in water is silvery-white and its coumpounds are used to cool nuclear reactors Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals Calcium ☝ Group #2 has 2 valence electrons and forms a +2 cation ☝ Elements of group 1 are found in the earth’s crust but not in their basic form ☝ Calcium belongs to group 2 because it has 2 valence electrons Calcium ➔ is the most abundant of the metallic elements in the human body ➔ used to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon from alloys. ➔ can be cut with a knife ➔ reacts easily with water and acids Group 3-12 Transition Metals Platinum ☝ Groups 3-12 have different amounts of valence electrons ☝ They also have different cations and anions are formed ☝ These elements have high melting and boiling points. Platinum ➔ is a very scarce metal, ➔ is soft and silvery-white ➔ does not oxidize in air even at high temperatures ➔ is unaffected by common acids. Group 13 Boron Family Aluminum ☝ Group 13 has 3 valence electrons and forms +3 cation ☝ These elements do not occur free in nature ☝ Aluminum belongs to the group because it has 3 valence electrons Aluminum ➔ is a light-weight metal ➔ has a bright silvery luster ➔ is non-magnetic ➔ reacts with air to grow thin oxide coating very fast Group 14 Carbon Family Lead ☝ Group 13 has 4 valence electrons and usually shares them with others ☝ the properties of the carbon family vary greatly. ☝ Lead belongs to that group because it has 4 valence electrons Lead ➔ is used in building construction ➔ has the highest atomic number of the stable elements ➔ is poisonous to animals and humans if ingested ➔ is a bright and silvery metal with a very slight shade of blue Group 15 Nitrogen Family Phosphorus ☝ Group 15 has 5 valence electrons and forms -3 anions ☝ Phosphorus belongs to the group because it has 5 valence electrons ☝ Except for nitrogen, the elements are solid at room temperature. Phosphorus ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ is highly reactive is white-yellow emits a weak green glow in the presence of oxygen ignites spontaneously in air Grou p 16 Oxygen Family Polonium ☝ Group 16 has 6 valence electrons and forms -2 anion ☝ Polonium belongs to the group because it has 6 valence electrons ☝ this is also called the chalcogens Polonium ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ is rare is silvery-gray is a radioactive low-melting metalloid increases the risk of various cancers Group 17 Halogen Family Chlorine ☝ Group 17 has 7 valence electrons and forms -1 anions ☝ Chlorine belongs to the group because it had 7 valence electrons ☝ group 17 is more reactive than other non-metals Chlorine ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ is greenish-yellow has a sharp smell is not found free in nature irritates the skin, the eyes and the respiratory system Group 18 Noble Gases Neon ☝ Group 18 has 8 valence electrons and doesn’t form anions or cations ☝ group 18 consists of pure elements ☝ Neon belongs to the group because it’s pure Neon ➔ is colorless ➔ has the smallest liquid range of any element ➔ is not toxic ➔ glows a reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube Lanthanides ☝ ☝ ☝ Cerium Lanthanides have the same amount of valence electrons as group 3 and could technically form ions, but they usually don’t They are found together in the same minerals and it is difficult to separate them into individual elements. Cerium has the same properties as the other Lanthanides Cerium ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ is soft and gray tarnishes in moist air is malleable, ductile and lustrous reacts with water to form cerium hydroxide plus hydrogen gas Actanides Uranium ☝ Actanides have the same amount of valence electrons as group 3 and could technically form ions, but they usually don’t ☝ They are all radioactive ☝ Uranium has the same properties as the other elements Uranium ➔ is silvery ➔ used for nuclear weapons ➔ is the only naturally occurring fissionable fuel ➔ has no known biological role
