Download Geography Study Guide

Geography Skills Test Study Guide STUDY UNDERLINED ITEMS ONLY - latitude and longitude coordinates for points on a grid.
- cylindrical, conic, flat plane map projections.
- equal area maps (show correct sizes).
- conformal maps (show correct shapes).
- physical maps: show earth’s natural (physical) features (mountains, rivers, plateaus,
etc.)
- political maps: show man-made boundaries.
- remote sensing and GIS (geographic information system): the use of satellites, aircraft,
and computers to map and gather information about the earth.
- population density maps: show the number of people per square mile (how crowded an
area is).
- Mercator projection: these cylindrical, conformal maps are accurate near the equator
but distort the size of landmasses near the north and south poles. Areas such as
Greenland, Russia and Antarctica are ridiculously large (however their shapes are
accurate).
- cardinal (compass) directions: north, east, south, west.
- intermediate compass directions: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.
- “elements of a good map” are a title, direction (or compass), distance (or scale), key (or
legend).
- census: a population count and survey conducted every 10 years by the
government. Gathers information about people.
- cartographers: geographers who make maps.
- time zones: there are 24 time zones around the earth (one for each hour of one complete
rotation) (24 time zones, each zone covering 15 degrees longitude, totaling 360 degrees).
- time zones in the US are Eastern (ours), Central, Mountain, and Pacific (not including
Alaska and Hawaii). We are 3 hours ahead of California (Pacific)—they are three hours
earlier than we are. For example, if it is 12pm (noon) in NY, it is 9 am in Los Angeles.
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): time zones begin in this time zone, located along the
Prime Meridian.
- time at the International Date Line is 12 hours from GMT. For example, if it is 12 noon
at GMT, it is 12 midnight at the International Date Line.
- circle (pie) graphs: slices must add up to exactly 100 percent.
- line graphs: the best graphs to show trends, or changes over a period of time.
- bar graphs: good for comparing values/measures side by side.
- flow charts: visually show input, process and output, step by step, with captions that
explain or label each step.
- graphic organizers: allow us to visually organize information or key facts about a
topic. A “web” is a type of graphic organizer.
- timelines: interpret a historical time line (determine how many years are shown, when
did an event occur, and how long ago something occurred).
- decade: ten year period.
- century: one hundred year period.
- millennium: one thousand year period.
- AD: “anno Domini”
- BC: “before Christ”
- CE: “common era”
- BCE: “before common era”
- seasons on earth are caused by (2 things) the tilt of the earth and the revolution/orbit of
the earth around the sun, as demonstrated in class.
- direct rays vs. indirect rays of the sun as they reach the surface of the earth
- diagram of temperature zones: equator, Prime Meridian, Tropic of Cancer (23 ½
degrees north), Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ degrees south), Arctic Circle (66 ½ degrees
north), Antarctic Circle (66 ½ degrees south), North Pole (90 degrees N), South Pole (90
degrees S), high, middle and low (tropics) latitudes, temperatures at different latitudes.
- solstices and equinoxes
- factors that influence climate, such as:
-­‐ latitude -­‐ greenhouse effect -­‐ prevailing winds (such as the jet stream of N. America, which blows in a westerly direction across the northern USA) -­‐ ocean currents (which can carry cold water from the polar regions to warm areas of the earth, or carry warm water from near the equator toward colder areas of the planet, such as the Gulf Stream) -­‐ land forms, such as high mountains. Temperatures drop as elevation increases. The result may be snow and ice on a mountain peak near the normally hot equator -­‐ large bodies of water, which “moderate” nearby temperatures, because water heats and cools more slowly than land and air -­‐ mountains that are high enough to block clouds/moisture from reaching the other side, thus creating a windward (wet and rainy) side and a leeward (dry) side (deserts may form here)(also called a rain shadow) - the four parts of the Earth System
- hydrosphere
- lithosphere
- humid continental (characteristics)
- subarctic climate (characteristics)
- highland climate (characteristics)
- climate definition
- middle latitude climates (list)
- high latitude climates (list) (include subarctic)
- low latitude climates (list)
- ice cap climate (characteristics)
- Mediterranean climate (characteristics)