Download Heating of the atmosphere

What is Energy?
• Energy – the ability to do work
• Everything that is done in the universe requires the
use or transfer of energy.
• Most of the surface processes on Earth are
powered by energy from the Sun.
Electromagnetic Radiation(Energy from the
sun)
Electromagnetic Radiation (Energy from
the Sun)
What do you think?
A. Which item below describes
infrared radiation?
a. It is longer than visible light
but shorter than radio waves.
b. It is longer than radio waves
but shorter than visible light.
c. It has the same wavelength as
gamma rays.
d. None of the above
B. Compare the wavelength of
visible light to the wavelength of a
microwave.
a. Wavelength of visible light is
shorter than a microwave.
b. Wavelength of visible light is
the same as a microwave.
c. Wavelength of visible light is
shorter than an x-ray.
d. All of the above.
What makes an object hot?
• Heat: form of energy associated
with the motion of atoms or
molecules
• Heat transfer – the movement
of thermal energy due to a
temperature difference(from a
warmer object to a cooler
object)
• When an object is heated, the
particles that make up the
object move faster.
• Heat transfer stops when both
objects reach the same
temperature.
What do you think?
C. Describe the heat flow from your hand at 20 degrees and a
metal spoon at 19 degrees.
a. Heat transfer will not occur.
b. Heat from your hand will flow to the metal spoon
increasing its temperature.
c. Heat from the spoon will flow to your hand making it
colder.
d. Heat from your hand will flow to the metal spoon
decreasing its temperature.
Thermal Energy Transfer
Thermal energy can be transferred by 3 processes:
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
Types of Heat Transfer
Radiation – the movement of
electromagnetic radiation (energy)
through space
• No direct contact between heat
source and an object
• All objects radiate heat: hotter objects
radiate more
• The hotter the object, the shorter the
wavelength
• Radiation can be absorbed or
reflected
• Examples:
--Heat felt from a campfire
--radiation from the sun warms Earth
--energy from the sun’s core heats
outer surface of the sun
What do you think?
D. Which statement below is true?
a. A glacier radiates energy.
b. Earth radiates energy.
c. Radiation from the sun will have a shorter wavelength than that of
Earth’s wavelength.
d. All of the above are true.
Emission experiment
Four containers were filled with warm water. Which
container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?
Dull metal
Shiny metal
Shiny black
Dull black
shiny metal container would be the warmest after ten
The __________
minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat radiation
_______ back
dull black container
into the container so less is lost. The ________
emitting heat
would be the coolest because it is the best at _______
radiation.
Absorption experiment
Four containers were placed equal distances from a heater. Which
container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?
Dull metal
Shiny metal
Shiny black
Dull black
dull black container would be the warmest after ten
The __________
radiation the best.
minutes because its surface absorbs heat _______
shiny metal container would be the coolest because it is
The _________
the poorest at __________
absorbing heat radiation.
What do you think?
E. In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by
convection?
H
J
Types of Heat Transfer
• Conduction – heat
movement within an
object or between objects
that are touching.
• Transfer of energy by touch
• Not an effective transfer in
a gas.
• Primarily solids
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these
vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
Types of Heat Transfer
• Convection– heat transfer by
the movement(circulation) in
fluids.
• Caused by density
• Hot fluid rises, cool fluid falls
• Examples:
– air in a heating system
– Generates sea breezes, land
breezes, and surface winds
Fluids are liquids or gases.
Water movement
Cools at the
surface
Cooler
water sinks
Convection
current
Hot water
rises
Air Currents
Why is it windy at the seaside?
Sea Breeze
Sea breeze: During a hot day, the land is
warmer than the sea. Air above the land
is heated and rises up; it is then replaced
by cooler air from the sea
• Occurs during the day
• wind blowing from the ocean towards
land
Land Breeze
Land breeze: During the night, the sea is
warmer than the land because the land
loses its heat much faster than the sea.
Air above the sea is warmer than that
above the land so it rises up to be
replaced by that air above the land.
• Occurs at night
• blows from the land to the water
Sea Breeze
Land Breeze
Heat cells in mantle/asthenosphere
Rising heat cells - plates separate
Sinking heat cells - plates pulled down into mantle
Summary
Summary
Summary
What do you think?
F. The moon’s surface becomes hot during the
long lunar day because the sun transfers heat
to the moon. This heat transfer is
accomplished almost entirely through the
process of __________________________.
What do you think?
G. Why is radiation the only process that can
transfer energy from the sun to the surface of
Earth?
What do you think?
H. Which of the following is not a method of heat
transfer?
A. Conduction
B. Insulation
C. Radiation
D. convection
What do you think?
I. How does heat energy reach the Earth from the
Sun?
a. Conduction
b. Insulation
c. Radiation
d. convection
What do you think?
J. Solar Radiation and Earth
Effect
Amount of Energy
per Second
(terajoules)
Solar radiation reaching Earth
173,410
Radiation reflected back into
space
52,000
Radiation heating atmosphere,
landmasses, and oceans
81,000
Radiation producing winds
and ocean currents
370
Radiation used in
photosynthesis
40
Radiation resulting in
evaporation of water
?
Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar
radiation goes toward evaporating water?
F
G
H
J
40,000 terajoules
92,410 terajoules
121,410 terajoules
133,410 terajoules
What do you think?
K. What percentage of incoming
solar radiation is reflected by clouds?
a. 5 %
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 50%
L. Cloud coverage has increased to
90% today. Predict how incoming
solar radiation may be impacted.
a. More will be reflected back to
space.
b. More will be absorbed by the
ground.
c. More will be reflected or
absorbed by the clouds.
d. There will be no impact.