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Psychology 3720
Learning
Dr. D
„
Lecture 13
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„ Acquisition
„ Extinction
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Types of contingencies
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Spontaneous recovery, resurgence
Reinforcement/punishment, positive/negative
Types of positive reinforcement
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Immediate vs delayed reinforcement
Primary vs secondary reinforcement
Intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcement
Natural vs artificial reinforcement
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Acquisition
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R Æ SR
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Acquisition
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R Æ SR
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Modulated by …
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magnitude of reinforcement
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many other variables
2
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Extinction
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a process in which the nonreinfrocement of a previously
reinforced response leads to a decrease in the strength of the
response
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R Æ SR
R Æ no SR
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Extinction
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Is extinction simply the reversal of acquisition?
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Not likely …
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spontaneous recovery
resurgence
3
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Extinction
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance of an extinguished R following a rest period
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Extinction
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resurgence
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the reappearance of an extinguished R following the extinction
of a more recently reinforced R
4
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Extinction
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resurgence
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the reappearance of an extinguished R following the extinction
of a more recently reinforced R
„ R1 Æ SR (increase in p(R1))
„ R1 Æ no SR (decrease in p(R1))
„ R2 Æ SR (increase in p(R2))
„ R2 Æ no SR (decrease in p(R2) and increase in
p(R1))
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of contingencies
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reinforcers and punishers
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positive (“adding”) and negative (“taking away”)
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Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
5
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of contingencies
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Positive reinforcement
„ adding a reinforcer
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of contingencies
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Positive punishment
„ adding a punisher
6
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of contingencies
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Negative reinforcement
„ taking away a “punisher”
punisher”
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of contingencies
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Negative punishment
„ taking away a “reinforcer”
reinforcer”
7
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of contingencies
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Negative punishment
„ “time out”
out”
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of contingencies
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“If u don’t clean your room, you won’t get
dessert.”
„
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Clean room Æ dessert
Don’
Don’t clean room Æ no dessert
8
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of positive reinforcement
„
„
immediate vs delayed reinforcement
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of positive reinforcement
„
primary vs secondary reinforcement
„
primary reinforcers are often associated with basic
physiological/psychological needs
„ effectiveness relates to state of deprivation
9
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of positive reinforcement
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primary vs secondary reinforcement
„ secondary reinforcers are reinforcing due to their
association with other reinforcers
„ CS + UCS Æ UCR (positive)
„ SD : R Æ SR
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of positive reinforcement
„
primary vs secondary reinforcement
„ secondary reinforcers
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generalized reinforcer
10
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of positive reinforcement
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„
intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcement
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intrinsic reinforcement occurs when the mere act of performing
the response reinforces it
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extrinsic reinforcement occurs when some consequence external
to the response reinforces it
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of positive reinforcement
„
natural vs artificial reinforcers
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natural reinforcers are an inherent consequence of the
response
„ all intrinsic reinforcers are natural reinforcers
„ extrinsic reinforcers may be natural or artificial
reinforcers
11
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Basic operant conditioning phenomena
„
Types of positive reinforcement
„
natural vs artificial reinforcers
„
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artificial reinforcers are deliberately arranged reinforcers
used to modify behavior that lack an inherent
connection to the response
„ all artificial reinforcers are extrinsic reinforcers
Basic operant conditioning phenomena
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Types of positive reinforcement
„
natural vs artificial reinforcers
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natural reinforcers are generally more effective than
artificial reinforcers
„ “prepared”
prepared” learning?
„ attempts to influence others behavior should
employ “logical consequences”
consequences”
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