Download Kinesiology I – Unit 1

Kinesiology I – Unit 1
 Kinematics
 Joint
& Muscle S & F
 Kinetics & Biomechanics
Anatomical Position
 Standing
upright
 Toes, face, palms all facing forward
 Hands open
 Point of reference for the description
of all movement
» 0 degrees at every joint except
forearms
 Forearms
- full supination
Body Planes
 Sagittal
- splits into right & left
sides
 Frontal or Coronal - splits into
front and back sections
 Transverse - splits into top &
bottom sections
Directional Terms











Medial – toward midline
Lateral – away from midline
Anterior (Ventral) – toward front
Posterior (Dorsal) – toward back
Proximal – closer to midline
Distal – further from midline
Superior – above, toward head
Inferior – below, toward feet
Cranial (Cephalad) – toward head
Caudal – toward feet or tail
Superficial vs. Deep
Osteokinematic Movements
in Sagittal Plane
 Flexion,
Extension,
Hyperextension*
 Dorsiflexion*, Plantarflexion*
Osteokinematic Movements
in Frontal Plane
 Abduction,
Adduction
 Lateral flexion of spine*
 Radial Deviation*, Ulnar
Deviation*
 Inversion, Eversion*
Osteokinematic Movements
in Transverse Plane
 Medial
Rotation, Lateral Rotation
 Horizontal Adduction, Abduction*
 Rotation of spine
 Pronation, Supination*
Anatomical Axes
 Transverse
(med-lat)
» Movement occurs in _______ plane
 Anteroposterior
» Movement occurs in _______ plane
 Longitudinal
» Movement occurs in _________
plane
Review
Use of Body Plane,
Anatomical Axes, and
Osteokinematics terms
…
Degrees of Freedom
 The
number of planes in which
motion can occur at a joint
(3 is max)
Functions of Articular
Joints
 Provide
movement of the
skeleton
 Provide stability of the skeleton
 Stability vs. Mobility
» Factors: Bony Congruency and
connective tissue connection
Sub-Classification of
Diarthrodial (synovial) Joints
 Uniaxial
» ____ degree of freedom
» Examples: hinge, pivot
 Biaxial
» ___ degrees of freedom
» Examples: condyloid, saddle
 Triaxial
/ multiaxial
» ___ degrees of freedom
» Examples: ball-and-socket, plane

This illustrates a _______ (hinge) joint of
the distal interphalangeal joint of a finger
with ________of freedom of movement.
Biaxial saddle joint :
the carpometacarpal
joint of the thumb with
2 degrees of freedom.
Triaxial ball &
socket joint –
glenohumeral joint
with 3 degrees of
freedom
ARTHROKINEMATICS
 Movement
of articular surfaces within
the joint cavity
 Arthrokinematic movements:
» Roll
» Slide/glide
» Spin
CONVEX/CONCAVE RULE


Any given articulating
bony surface of a joint
can usually be classified
as relatively convex or
concave.
Arthrokinematic motion
(roll, slide) usually
occurs between one
moving surface and one
stable surface.
2nd Metacarpophalangeal joint
CONVEX/CONCAVE RULE


Convex on Concave: If the moving surface is convex,
the moving bone travels in the opposite direction as
the slide of its articulating surface. (roll is same direction)
» AKA: Rule of moving convex surfaces
» Example - humerus on scapula, femur on hip bone
Concave on Convex: If the moving surface is concave,
the moving bone travels in the same direction as the
slide and roll of its articulating surface.
» AKA: Rule of moving concave surfaces
» Example - tibia on femur, ulna on humerus
Close-packed vs Loose-packed
Position

Close-packed position
» Joint surfaces maximally congruent
» Ligaments taut
» High joint stability

Loose packed
» Joint is maximally loose
» Resting position is loosest position
» Arthrokinematic motion is often examined and
treated in the resting joint position
Kinematic Chains
 Open
(OKC)
» Single joint may move freely without
causing movement at another joint
 Closed
(CKC)
» Movement of one joint causes other
joints to move in a predictable pattern
 Consult
and discuss pics and ID
as OKC or CKC.