Download the Colours of rainbow the Brook

Class: 8th
Q.1
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Q.3
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the Colours of rainbow
English
The narrator observed the rain drops falling from awning of the window. He also observed the beauties of
nature, i.e. dancing of chili plants and drops of water descending and skidding down the plants.
The narrator was not able to pay attention to what his daughter was saying because he was lost in his own
thoughts.
The narrator had a tiff with his wife because he got annoyed with his wife‟s behavior. He also lost the sight
of the seven coloured rainbow because of his wife‟s intervention.
When the narrator returned home late at night, he found that his kids had gone to sleep and his wife was
sitting all alone and waiting for his return.
The narrator did not have an appetite because he had already eaten as much
the Brook
Central Idea:A brook is not only beautiful to see but also very pleasing to hear. Its water makes melodious sounds as it flows
through woods and valleys. The brook narrates the story of its musical journey along these places. Imagery of
sight and sound are blended in the poem by employing exquisite words and expressions.
Summary:“The brook” has been written by “Alfred Tennyson”. The poem traces the life of a brook or small stream as it
emerges from the mountain top and flows down the hills and across the valleys to empty in the river. The poet
compares the journey of a brook with the life of man who has to pass different stages till he joins the river of
death. Man is energetic, lively and moves swiftly when he is young but as he grows up he loses his energy just
like the brook does before it empties into the river. By the use of words like “chatter”, “babble”, “sharp” and
“trebles”, the poet describes the energetic movements of the brook in its earlier stages which changes the usage of
words like “steal”, “slide”, “gloom”, “glide”, to express the slow speed of the brook towards the end of its journey.
As it slows down it deposits the sand and silt that it has brought down from the mountains and hills during its
journey. It passes through different landforms through forests and fields that are either fertile and fallow. It also
passes through grassy lawns, move sweet forget me notes and slide over hazel covers. It does not follow straight
path but meanders on around rocks and boulders without letting anything stop its path. Similarly, a man faces
many challenges in life and has to go on regardless finding new paths. The brook appears lively and alive when
the fishes like trout and grayling swim in it and the reflection of the sunbeam dancing on its waves makes it
beautiful. Through out the poem the poet points to the eternal nature of the brook that outlives man. Many men are
born and die but the brook never ceases to exist. It continues to flow down from its source to the river unendingly.
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
1.
“I” is referred to as “The Brook” in the poem.
The Brook emerges from the mountain and flows down hills and across valleys and finally empties in the
river.
These lines highlight the eternal nature of the brook which continues to flow year after year from its source
to the river without failing. It expresses the fact that though men are born and die, the brook is immortal.
Therefore, these lines highlight short-lived quality of human life as compared to nature which is eternal.
Some more examples of alliteration from the poem are:Sudden sally
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Q.5
Field and fallow
Fairy foreland
With willow weed
Golden gravel
I slip, I slide
I gloom, I glance
Sandy shallows
Yes, the journey of the brook can be compared to human life. The poet has realistically drawn a parallelism
between the journey of the brook and life of a man. As in the beginning stage the brook is very powerful,
enhancing and keeps on flowing with a great rush and enthusiasm. In the same manner a person in
childhood is very agile, energetic and lively. Like the brook, human beings also face different situation in
life. Sometimes the brook faces difficulties and sometimes passes smoothly. Like this humans also face
sorrows and happiness.
stars peak to man
Central Idea:- Man being superior to all (creation) has been given responsibility to guard the bounties of nature
and share them with all fellow beings. But his greed and selfishness have lead him into the state of apathy.
The poet hopes that man can be bought out from this awful situation if he rekindles the lamp of love and
unity.
Summary:- The poem, “ Stars Speak to Man” has been written by “ Abdul Ahad Azad and translated from the
Kashmiri by “ G.R. Malik”. In this poem the poet says that God has bestowed man with the power of
reasoning but he chose to become destroyer of humanity because of his insensitive nature. God had created
man to spread the message of love and affection among his fellow beings but instead of spreading love and
affection he started using religion and faith as a tool for making money. Nature had provided him with
treasures which were supposed to be shared equally among all but he sat like a serpent on them. The poet
asks man who ignited the fire of division in his mind when he was living in the world in which humans
were as close to each other as nail is to flesh. The poet says that man considers himself to be very religious
but he does not care for his fellow beings. He is in turn involved in such shameful acts that not only he but
the whole humanity suffers. The poet further says that man has given the name of religion and patriotism
to disorder and division. A man considers himself to be civilized and modernized but he is stupid to think
so. Man is misled by his own deeds and he blames his destiny. The poet says that by following the old
fashioned ways, man can‟t overcome his problems. Moreover, his heart is beating restlessly and he is
dreaming about imaginary things. So the poet wants him to wake up from his fanciful dreams. The poet
calls man blood thirsty because he has torn the hearts of those friends who used to share his sorrows. At
last the poet concludes the poem by saying that man has damaged his own roots and weakened the base of
the structure of humanity. He tries to glorify it superficially but in vain. He is himself responsible for his
destruction.
Thinking about the poem
Q.1
What do stars say to man in first two lines?
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Ans
In first two lines stars say to man that it is very callous of him to put humanity to shame. These stars
further say that man being created to enlighten the whole world with his power of reasoning but instead he
has chosen destruction.
Q.2
Nature has fashioned you to apportion love and affection but you took to buying and selling religion
faith instead. Explain these lines
In these lines the poet says that nature has made man in order to spread the message of love and affection
but instead of doing so he has started using religion and faith for commercial purpose.
Why is man described as a serpent?
Man is described as a serpent because he has been created to share the treasures of nature with all his
fellow beings but he confines bounties of nature to on himself only and sits like a serpent on them.
Ans
Q.3
Ans
Q.4
Ans
“That which you call awakening is a stupefying hangover” why?
Mans awakening has been called a stupefying hangover because he projects himself to be religious and
true patriot but in real sense he is devoid of the true essence of religion and patriotism.
Q.5
Ans
Do you think this poem is a wakeup call. Explain.
Yes, this poem is a wakeup call. In this poem the stars try to make man aware of reality. He has some
duties and responsibilities towards mankind but he is engaged in achieving his personal gains. So, the stars
ask man to wake up from his fanciful slumber and do something for the betterment of whole mankind
before it is too late.
a strange trial
Q.1
Ans
What did Alice remember?
Alice remembered the dream in which she followed a white rabbit. While following him she came across
strange animals that talked and acted oddly.
Q.2
Ans
Why according to Gryphon were the Jurymen putting down their names?
According to Gryphon the Jurymen were putting down their names because they feared that they should
forget their names before the end of the trial.
Q.3
Ans
Q.4
a)
b)
Ansa)
c)
The first witness was:
a)
Alice
b)
White Rabbit c)
King
d)
Mad Halter
The first witness was mad halter.
“Give your evidence or till have you executed whether you are nervous or not”
Who says these words and to whom?
What do you mean by “till have you executed”.
The king said these words to Mad Halter.
These words mean I will get you hanged.
Q.5
Ans
What according to Alice is the first wise that the thing has said that day?
According to Alice the wise thing the king had said that day was that Hatter was a poor speaker.
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Q.6
Ans
Knave denies having initiated somebody’s handwriting. What evidence does he give?
Knave denies having imitated somebody‟s handwriting. The evidence he gives, is that there is no name
signed at the end.
Q.7
Ans
What happens when the whole pack of cards and all the animals fall upon alice?
Alice screams and tries to beat the animals when the whole park of cards and animals fell upon her. They
ran away in different directions and disappear, the stage light goes dim.
Match the following
Word
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Put down
Pick up
Send for
Take off
Put on
Stare on
7. Hurry up
8. Fall in
9. Hand over
10. Beat off
11.Hit out
Meaning
Sentence
Write down
Put down his lecture on the book.
Take in hand
Please pick up that child
Send someone a message
Send for him immediately
Remove
Take off your hat
Wear
Put on your clothes
To look at something
Don‟t stare on me like this.
Continuously
Make haste
Hurry up we are getting late.
to drop or deseend
she fell in the midst of furniture.
Down suddenly to a
Lower position
Give
You hand over these books to me
Defeated
Pakistan beat off India by 10 wickets.
To criticize strongly
Zubin Mehta was hit out by many separatists and
parties in Kashmir.
Character sketch of Alice
Alice is sensible girl whose adventures begin when she follows a White Rabbit into its hole and reaches the
wonderland. She is polite, curious, strong-willed and honest. She is full of imagination. She believes in logic and
likes to show off her knowledge. She is a kind hearted girl and shows interest in others. She is easily offended by
rudeness of others. She is gentle and courteous but some of her comments upset the characters of wonderland. In
order to clear the confusion who she is she compares herself with Ada and Mabel. Every time she finds herself
ruled by fantasy and imagination and we can say that her fixed sense of order clashes with the madness she finds
in wonderland.
Character sketch of Queen of Hearts
The Queen of Hearts is a blood thirsty ruler of wonderland. She is quick to decree death sentences over the
slightest offenses. In other words, we can say that her solution to every problem is to order a beheading of the
accused before the day is out. She is more concerned about the rule and execution. Her most famous statement,
one which she repeats often is “off with their heads”. In wonderland, she is a sole force of fear, who even
dominates the kind of hearts. The Queen is referred to as a card from a pack of cards by Alice. Yet somehow she
is able to maintain her position in the story along the side of the King of Hearts.
Character sketch of King of Hearts
Somewhat overshadowed by his bluffer wife, the King of Hearts is a remarkable figure in the story. Most people
in wonderland like the King more than the Queen because he is a kind-hearted person. The King of Hearts makes
terrible jokes and is never seen to speak anything clever. During the trial Alice remarks,” This is the first wise
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thing, the King has said today” this means that King was foolish person and not very clever. Alice out reasons him
quite nicely at the trial. He is a total contrast to his wife. All of his servants are playing cards.
Character sketch of Mad Hatter
Mad Hatter is a famous character in the „Lewis Carrol‟s‟ book „Alice in Wonderland‟. This character is puzzling
and enigmatic, and as his name suggests he appears to be crazy. His behavior is peculiar. Alice first meets the Mad
Hatter and March Hare at the tea party. Mad Hatter and March Hare have been having the same tea party for a
long period of time. At the tea party guests exchange the scraps of conversation, peculiar verses and strange
riddles. During the trial he admits that he makes hats. Like some other Carrol characters, the Mad Hatter is
believed to be based on a real life person.
Character sketch of White Rabbit
Alice‟s adventures begin when she follows the White Rabbit down the Rabbit hole. He is the messenger and a
herald at the King and Queen‟s court. He wears a waist-coat and carries a pocket watch. He is a surprising and
interesting character. The rabbit‟s main feature is anxiety. He is always worried about being late or about
offending someone. But he can also be rude or even cruel, as he tries the variety of violent methods to get the
Alice out of the wonderland.
Subject: Science
Q#1
Ans.
Stars and Solar System
Define astronomy?
The branch of science, which deals with the study of position, composition, motion and other related facts
or heavenly bodies, is called astronomy. It is an observational science and not experimental science like
other sciences, because we cannot control the conditions of the experiments or events that are occurring in
heavenly bodies.
The main source of information about .heavenly bodies .is the study of electromagnetic radiations emitted
from them. These radiations are ranging from very short -rays to the long radio waves. There are two
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distant regions of radiation's (i-e visible radiations of wavelength 4x 10-7m and radio of wavelength 8mm
to 17m) reaching the earth from the heavenly bodies. There are called two windows of astronomy.
Q#2 What is universe? Explain?
Ans. The limitless expense of space around us is called universe. It means all existing things the whole Creation
and all objects under consideration. The universe includes everything that exists the most distant star,
planets. satellites, galaxies etc. No body knows how big the universe is the Sun, the Earth are just tiny
specks on the vast space. The universe consists of billions of galaxies and each galaxy consists of billions
of stars. The sun is one such star belonging to the galaxy called, Milky, Way.
Q#3 What is light year and parsec Astronomy denote?
Ans. The extremely large distances between the various heavenly bodies like the stars and the planets can be
expressed in terms of two units.
1
Light Year
II.
Parsec
Light Year:- One light year is the distance travelled by the light in one year.
So
1 light year =
Velocity of light in one year.
1 light y-ear =
3 x 108 X Time in one year
=
3 x-l08 x 365 x 24-K-60 x 60m.
=
3 x 108 x 31536000m
=
3 x 108 X 3.15 x I 07 m.
=
9.46 x I 0 15 m.
I light year
=
9.46 x 1012 km.
The nearest, star to the earth is alpha centuary, which is about 43 light years away from the earth.
Now light year
=
9.46 x 10 12 km.
So
43 light years =
9.46 x 10 12X 4.3 km.
=
40.67 x 1012 km
Parsec: It is an Astronomical unit of distance which is equal to 3.26 light years i.e.
1 parsec
=
3.26 light years.
Q#4 What is a galaxy? How many galaxies are estimated to be in the universe? What is the average
number of stars in each galaxy?
Ans. A galaxy is a vast collection of stars, dust and gases held together by mutual gravitational force. There are
about 1011 galaxies having different sizes and regular and irregular shapes in the universe and each galaxy
contain about 10" stars.
We belong to a galaxy called Milky Way or Akash Ganga. Romans first named it as “Via-galactica”
which means road of milk. It can be seen on a clear night as hazy band of white light stretching across the
sky like part of a great circle.
Andromeda galaxy is one, which can be seen with naked eye. This galaxy is about 2 x 106 light years away
from our galaxy.
Q#5 Discuss the classification of galaxies?
Ans: Galaxies can be divided into two categories.
1. Normal galaxies
2. Radio galaxies
Normal galaxies:- A galaxy which can be observed by an optical telescope and can be photographed is
called normal galaxy. They emit small amount of radio radiations. The normal galaxy may be divided into
three groups.
a. Spiral galaxy:About 80% of normal galaxies are spiral in shape. For example Milky Way and
andromeda are spiral galaxy. They are arranged in spiral arms emerging from the nucleus.
b. Elliptical galaxies: They are the oldest galaxies in the universe. About 18% of galaxies are elliptical
galaxies.
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c. Irregular galaxies:Theses galaxies do not have any particular shape and are only 2% of the
total normal galaxy. They are the youngest galaxies in the universe.
Radio galaxies:Those galaxies which emit radiations in radio wave range are called radio galaxies.
They are identified by using radio telescope. The radio radiation does not originate from the radio galaxies
itself, but come from two clouds of charged particles situated symmetrically on either side of the galaxy.
Q#6 What is a Milky Way? What are its contents? Draw its structure.
Ans. The Milky Way is the glowing belt of the sky from one end of horizon to the other. The name Milky
Way comes from then Greek word "gala" which means milk.
Shape and size:- It is a convex lens shapes disc, thicker in the middle and thinner outwards. The central
thickness is about 5000 light years and 500 light years at the edges. The diameter of the disk about 105
light years. The sun is at a distance about 3 x 10 light years from the galactic centre of the Milky Way.
There are two arms, which are stretching out from the nucleus. Each arm is about 1200 light-years in
width. Our sun along with a planetary system is revolving around the galactic centre with a speed of 250
km/s. The space between the stars is filled with clouds and dust the matter consists of90% gas. The mass of
Milky
about on axis passing through its centre. All the stars complete one revolution in 3 x 108 years around the
galactic centre.
Q#7 What is a Constellation? Name seven Constellations? Give their English names as well as Indian
names?
Ans. Constellation: - The stars, which appear in the form, closed groups and form recognizable shapes and
patterns are known as constellations. About 88 constellations are known. Twelve of these are together
known as Zodiac. Some of the important constellations are: S.No.
Constellation
Indian Name
1.
Ursa major
Saptarishi Mandal
2.
Ursa minor
Laghu Saptarishi or Dhruva Malasaya
3.
Orion or Hunter
Vyadha or Mriga
4.
Scorpio
Vrishchika
5.
Cassiopeia
Sarmishtta
6.
Pleides
Kruttika
a). Ursa.Major: - It consists of seven bright stars arranged in a pattern resembling a big bear. The stars
marked 1,2,3 and 4 represent the body and the stars marked 5,6 and 7 represent the tail of the great bear.
The head and paws of this bear are formed some other faint stars, which are not shown in figure. The Ursa
Major is called a big bear, because the stars are seen to form the outline of a big bear. It can be seen clearly
in April in sunny season in the northern sky. The Ursa Major constellation can also be likened the
following objects:i)
Great bear
ii)
Question Mark suspended across the sky
iii)
Kite with a long tail iv)
Cup shaped spoon.
b). Ursa Minor: - The shape of the Ursa minor is same as that of Ursa major but the stars in Ursa minor
are close together and less brighter than those of Ursa major. The from is an outline of small bear or ladle
or a kite with a long tail or a question mark. At the tail of the Ursa Minor is a star average brightness is
called Pole Star or Polaris. It can be seen during July in summer. Pole Star or Dhruva Tara appears
stationery in the sky and all other constellations appear to revolve around it. It points to geographic North
direction and is very useful for sailors in finding the direction at night.
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c). Orion Constellation: - The arrangement of stars in Orion constellation resembles a hunter with
shield and club upraised. It is visible during the winter season above the equator.
Q#8
Ans.
Q#9
Ans.
d). Scorpio Constellation: - The Scorpio constellation closely resembles a Scorpio complete with tail and
pincers. It is usually visible in summer season in southwestern part of the sky. The stars marked 1,2 and 3
form the pincers, stars marked 4,5 and 6 from the body and star marked 7 forms the tail of Scorpio.
e). Pleides Constellation: - It does not have a particular shape. It looks like a cluster of twinkling gems
in the night sky. The clusters of stars in this constellation are called globular clusters. It is visible in
winter season.
f)
Cassiopeia:- It is a group of five stars arranged in the form of W. It is seen near Pole Star and is
best visible in the month of October in the northern sky.
Differentiate between a galaxy and a constellation?
The main points of differentiation are:
Galaxy
Constellation
1. A galaxy is a collection of
1. A Constellation is a collection of
billions of stars.
only a few stars.
2. A constellation appears to
2. Galaxy does not form a
resemble an animal or human
definite pattern.
being in its shape.
3. There are billions of galaxies
3. There are only about 88
in. the Universe
constellations known at present.
4. Very few galaxies are seen by
4. Many constellations are seen by
naked eyes.
naked eyes.
Discuss about the Planets?
The heavenly bodies revolving around the Sun are called planets. A planet is made of rock and metal. It is
not self-luminous but appear bright by reflecting the light falling on them from the sun. The planets are
very small as compared to the sun and relatively cool also. They revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun.
Mercury is the nearest to the sun, while Pluto is two farthest from the sun. Thus, of the Solar system is
equal to the radius of the Orbit of Pluto and is about 5.6 x 109 km the planets in the order of increasing
order from the sun are: - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
1). Mercury: - It is the nearest planet to the sun and is also the smallest planet of the solar system. Being
close to the sun, it is very hot by day and extremely cold at night. Atmosphere and water do not exist on
the surface of Mercury and hence there is no possibility of life on this planet. Its mass is 3.35 x 10 23kg. It
has no satellite of its own.
2). Venus: - It's mass, density and radius are comparable to earth. Hence it is called earth's sister. It is also
known as morning and evening star as it‟s visible after sunset before dawn. Venus is covered with very
thick atmosphere containing 95% of CO2 and the presence is about 100 times that on earth's surface. There
is no possibility of the on this planet.
3. Earth:- It is the planet on which we live. All the factors necessary for life are present only on the Earth.
The average diameter of the Earth is about 12,800 kms. The earth takes 365 ¼ days to complete one
revolution around the sun. It also rotates on its own axis once in 24 hours. The tilt in the axis is
responsible for the change in season on the Earth. The Earth has only one moon.
4). Mars: - It‟s seen as a reddish coloured object in the sky. It‟s therefore called the red planet. There is
a thin atmosphere mostly consisting of CO2. There are white patches on its surface, which shrink in
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summer and expand in winter. It changes its colour in different seasons. No life has been detected on it.
Mars and other remaining planets are superior planets.
5). Jupiter:- It is the largest planet of our solar system. It is so large that about 1300 Earths can be placed
inside this giant planet. Its mass is 318 times that of the Earth. It is covered by clouds and an enormous
red spot can be seen in the clouds. It seems to consist mainly of hydrogen gas.
6). Saturn:- It is a large planet and is seen in the sky with naked eyes as a bright yellow planet. It is very
similar to Jupiter. It also consists mainly of hydrogen. Its density is less than that of water and that water
and that makes it the least dense planet among the planets. It has several rings around it which consist of
particles, possibly ice.
7. Uranus:- It is a large planet and is very far away from the Sun and the Earth. It appears green when
seen through a telescope. It is a very cold planet and thus cannot sustain life.
8. Neptune:- Neptune is very far off and can only be seen through a telescope. Neptune also has rings.
Other Planets except Earth: - All other planets except earth are far away from the sun and temperature
on their surface is very low. The atmosphere of these planets is full of poisonous gases like methane and
ammonia there is no possibility of life on them on them
Q#10 What are meteors and meteoroids?
Ans. Meteors are the smaller pieces of stones and metals, which may be produced due to breaking up of comet
while approaching the sun. It is also called a fireball or shooting star. When they came close to earth
during its orbital motion around the sun, they got attracted towards the earth and burn due to friction of
atmosphere and fall on the earth in the form of dust. The velocity of meteor is 11-72 km/s.
Meteoroids: - A meteor which, does not bum completely on entering the earth's atmosphere and
reaches the surface of earth as stony, iron ball is called meteoroid. They are in size from small pebbles to
big rocks of many tons in weight. More that as 100 million meteoroids are estimated to enter earth's
atmosphere within a period of 24 hours. A keen observer can spot as many as 10 meteors an hour.
Q#11 What are Comets? Explain.
Ans. The small pieces of rock like material surrounded by large amount of substances like water, ice, ammonia
and methane, and having head and tail while passing close to the sun are called Comets they revolue
around sun in highly elliptical orbits and are not visible ordinarily. When a comet approaches the sun, it
gets heated and the vapourised gases and the particles form the head. The heat and light of the sun exert
pressure on these vapours and forces them away from the comet in the form of tail. The heads of comets
are 10,000 - 20,000km in size while the tails are millions of Kms. Its mass is very small about a millionth
of that of the earth. Every year five to ten comets are discovered. More than a thousand comets have been
observed so far.
Haley's Comet was predicted in 1710. Its period is about 76 years. It was again seen in 1910 and then in
1986. It is expected to be seen again in 2060.
Donalis and Kohoutek's comets are two other known comets.
Q#12 What makes earth a unique or special planet in the solar system?
Or
State the various conditions which make the earth suitable place for life to originate and flourish?
Ans. The earth is considered to be a special planet due to the following reasons.
i. The elements like Carbon, Hydrogen. Nitrogen and Oxygen are present in it from which various
molecules can be prepared.
ii. The earth has sufficient Oxygen gas required for breathing and survival of living things. The earth has
Water in its surface to transport the nutrients and help in excretion.
iii. The temperature on this planet is neither hot nor cold too cold.
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Q#13
Ans.
Q#14
Ans.
Q#15
Ans.
Q#16
Ans.
Q#18
iv. The earth has a protective Ozone blanket around it, which prevents harmful radiations from entering its
atmosphere.
What are asteroids? Where are they located?
The small pieces of planets like material revolving around the sun mostly between the orbit of Mars and
Jupiter are called asteroids. They vary in their sizes. The longest asteroid is called Cures is put 1000 Krns
wide and completes one revolution' around the sun in 4.6 year's. The smallest asteroid is of 15m in
diameter. There are may be as many as 100,000 asteroids. The density and chemical composition of
asteroids is similar to that of moon. More than 2000 asteroids have been discovered so far. gravitational,
pull of Jupiter. In telescope asteroids appear star like (Greek asteroids = star like).
Explain how the Sun is able to produce energy? Or
How the Sun was formed?
The sun was formed about 5000 million year's ago from the dense clouds of mainly H2 gas, some Helium
and dust. The hydrogen gas shrank under its own gravitational force to form a huge, dark ball of hydrogen
called protostar. The collusion of H2 molecule in the proto star raised its temperature greatly which started
the nuclear fusion in, which four protons are fused together to form helium nucleus with the release of
tremendous amount of energy ( 24.7Mev ).Then the proto star began emitting heat and light and became
the sun. The temperature of the sun is about 20 million degrees Celsius. The sun would became a red-giant
star after about 5000 million year's.
What is a big bang theory? Or
How does the big bang theory explain the formation of heavenly bodies in the universe?
This theory was proposed by Lemaitre and Gammow. According to this theory, all the matters in the
universe was originally concentrated (packed) in one vast lump called primeval atom ( dense and hot about
1012 K) this primeval atom was a concentrate of neutrons and protons and hundred million light year‟s
wide having density of order of 102 I Kg/m. About 20 billion year's ago, this superdense and extremely hot
primeval atom exploded with a big bang and the matter started flying in all direction's forming star's and
galaxies, which are still moving from one another.
What is the proof that our universe is expanding?
An astronomer called Edwin Hubble observed in 1920 from the, mount Wilson observatory in California
that all the galaxies of stars are moving away from one another at a great speed like the dots on the surface
of an expanding balloon. The speed is a to the distance between them. This is the proof that our universe is
expanding. The astronomers have estimated the time of birth of our universe at about 15 billion years.
Differentiate between a star and a Planet?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Class: 8th
Star
A star has its own light.
Star appears twinkle at night.
Stars are countless in number.
Stars are very big in size but
appear small because they are
very far off.
Stars do not change their relative
position in the sky.
They appear to be moving from
east to west.
A star is a huge mass of hot gases
and its temperature is very high.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planet
A planet has no light.
Planets do not twinkle at night.
There are only nine major planets.
Planets are smaller in size as
compared to stars.
5. The relative position of plants keep
changing day by day.
6. They move round the sun from west
to east.
7. A planet is made of rock and metal
and its temperature depends on the
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distance from the sun.
Q#18 A black hole cannot be seen then how is its presence determined?
Ans. If we see a star moving in a circle in the sky with no other visible star at its centre, then we can conclude
that there is a black hole at the centre whose gravitational attraction is making the star go in a circular path
around it. One such possible location is in the Cygnus constellation.
Q#19 All the stars except the pole star, appear to move from east to west give reason?
Ans. i. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east direction due to, which the stars appears to move in the
opposite direction, from east to west.
ii. The pole star appears to be stationary and does not move because it lie on the axis of rotation of earth,
which is fixed and does not change with time.
Q#20 Which are the planets that can be seen by naked eyes?
Ans. Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can be seen with naked eyes. Mercury can be seen before sunrise and after
sunset only with a telescope or binocular. There are Snow Mountains on Mars. Jupiter has red and yellow
lines. The rings around Saturn can‟t be seen with naked eyes.
The Moon
The Earth has one natural satellite- the Moon. It completes its revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days. It also
takes 27.3 days to complete one rotation about its own axis. Its distance from the Earth is about 384, 400 km. Its
diameter of 3476 km is about 1/4th of the Earth‟s diameter. It is about 81 times lighter than the Earth. The pull of
gravity on the Moon is 1/6th of that on the Earth.
Phases of the Moon
Observe the Moon continuously for several nights. Do you find any change in the shape of the Moon everyday?
You will note that there are days when the shape of the Moon appears perfectly round. You will also note that the
Moon cannot be seen on certain days. In simpler words the Moon no longer has the same brightness on all the
days of the month. Lets us find out the reason behind it.
The Moon is a non –luminous body i.e. the Moon has no light of its own. Only that part of the Moon from
which the reflected sunlight reaches us is visible. As the Moon revolves around the earth and the Earth (with the
Moon) revolves around the Sun, the relative positions of the Moon and the Earth with respect to the Sun change
with time. When the Moon is in between the Sun the Earth, the sunlight reflected from the Moon cannot reach us
and hence we can‟t see the Moon. It is called the new moon day ( Amavasya).
On the next night the visible part of the Moon is crescent in shape. It‟s called the crescent moon. The
remaining part of the Moon is only fairly visible because the sunlight reflected from Earth falls on the Moon. The
size of the visible part of the Moon goes on increasing and within a week half of its face becomes visible. It is
called first quarter or half-moon.
When more than half of the Moon becomes visible, it‟s called Gibbous moon. The increase in visible part
of the Moon continues and on the fifteenth day, when the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, its full face
becomes visible. It is called full moon (Purnima). This process goes on repeating again.
The changing shapes of the Moon due to the changes in relative position of the Moon and the earth with
reference to the Sun are called the phases of the Moon.
Subject: History
CHANGES IN THE VISUAL ART
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QNo3: Describe in your own words one painting from this chapter which suggests that the British were more
powerful than Indians. How does the artist depict this?
Ans: The History Paintings suggests that the British were more powerful than Indians. These paintings depicted
scenes from British Imperial history and their victories. On one of such paintings made by David Wilkie, Tipu
Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, is shown dead and defeated by General Sir David Baird in the battle of
Seringapatnam. But this historical episode has been re-created and re-presented in a manner that serves to further
the glory of the colonial masters. In this painting Tipu Sultan‟s dead body lies in some sort of a ditch with other
dead men. In contrast, we see the standing and victorious David Baird. So, quite simply put, what we are presented
with is the triumph and victory of the imperial forces and the defeat of all its enemies.
Tipu Sultan lying in semi-darkness and David Baird being lit up by the lantern are also strategies that seem
to suggest the invincibility and all powerful nature of the colonizer. The painting with light and shade tends to
highlight only one aspect of the battle, i.e., the victory of the imperial forces.
QNo4: Why did the scroll painters and potters come to Kalighat? Why did they begin to paint new themes?
Ans: Scroll painters and potters left their villages and came to Kalighat in Bengal in the early 19th century for the
following reasons:
(i) This was the time when city was expanding as a commercial and administrative centre.
(ii) Markets were being established.
(iii) The city appeared as a place of opportunity where people can make a new living.
(iv) The British colonial offices were coming up in new huge buildings and roads were being established.
(v) The artists came and settled in the city in the hope of new buyers of their art.
In earlier times scroll painters and potters had worked on mythological themes and produced images of
Gods and Goddesses but after 1840‟s they began to paint new themes because social norms, customs, tastes and
values were undergoing rapid changes. Kalighat artists responded to the world around, and produced paintings on
social and political themes.
QNo5: Why can we think of Raja Ravi Varma’s paintings as national?
Ans: Raja Ravi Varma was master of Western Art of oil painting and realistic life. He was one of the first artists
who tried to create a style that was both modern and national. He preferred to paint on the themes taken from
Indian Mythology like Ramayana and Mahabharata. This portrayal of an Indian consciousness is what makes his
paintings national. His paintings became very popular not only among the Indian princes and art collectors but
also among the masses and that is why he decided to set-up a picture production team and printing press in
Bombay. By printing press even the poor could now buy these cheap prints. That is why we can say that paintings
of Raja Ravi Varma were national.
Qno6: In what way did the British history paintings in India reflect the attitudes of imperial conquerors?
Ans: The British history paintings in India reflected the attitudes of imperial conquerors in the following ways:
(i) British victories in India served as rich material for British history painters. These painters drew on first hand
sketches to depict a favourable image of British actions in India.
(ii) These paintings celebrated the power, victories and supremacy of the British.
(iii) The painting dramatizes the event and glorifies the British triumph.
(iv) The celebration of British military triumph can be seen in many paintings like in one such painting of Francis
Hayman in 1762 depicts British victory in the Battle of Plassey. In this painting Lord Clive is meeting Mir Jafar,
Nawab of Murshidabad after the Battle of Plassey. In the same way when Tipu Sultan was defeated in the battle of
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Seringapatnam, then a painting was made by David Wilkie which showed the body of Tipu Sultan and General Sir
David Baird standing nearby. Such paintings dramatize the event and glory of British victory.
Qno7: Why do you think some artists wanted to develop a national style of art?
Ans: Many painters, towards the end of nineteenth century, wanted to establish a stronger connection between art
and nationalism. To do so they tried to develop a style of art that could be considered both modern and Indian.
This attempt to create a national style of art can be seen in the works produced by Raja Ravi Varma. He used the
western art of oil painting and realistic life study to portray scene after scene from the Indian mythology.
In Bengal, nationalist artists led by Abhindranath Tagore rejected the art of Raja Ravi Varma. They felt
that a genuine Indian style of painting had to draw inspiration from non-western art traditions and try to capture
the spiritual essence of the east. So, they turned for inspiration to Medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting
and the ancient art of mural painting in the Ajanta caves.
After the 1920, a new generation of artists rejected the art of Tagore also. They felt that artists had to
explore real life instead of illustrating ancient books and look for inspiration from living folk art and tribal designs
rather ancient art forms.
Ultimately, what all these artists aimed at representing was a certain national consciousness with which
each Indian could relate.
Qno8: Why did some artists produced cheap popular prints? What influence would such prints have had on
the minds of people who looked at them?
Ans: By the late nineteenth century, some artists like Raja Ravi Varma decided to set-up a picture production
team and printing press in Bombay. Here color prints of his religious paintings were mass produced. By printing
press even the poor could now buy these cheap prints.
As these popular pictures and prints were circulated in all parts of the country, nationalism spread in the
country. These paintings and prints had a great impact on minds of the people as these prints spread the message
of nationalism and they joined national struggle against British in a great deal.
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Q.No1 Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced?
Ans: There were following problems that the newly independent nation of India faced:
(i) As a result of Partition, about 8 million refugees had come into the country from Pakistan. These people needed
homes and jobs.
(ii) There was the problem of around 500 princely states, each ruled by a Maharaja or a Nawab, each of whom had
to be persuaded to join the new nation.
(iii) The new nation had also to adopt a political system that would best serve the hopes and expectations of its
population.
Q.No.2 What was the role of the Planning commission?
Ans: There was a need to develop the country after independence. That‟s why government set up Planning
Commission in 1950 to help, design and execute suitable policies for economic development.
There was a broad agreement on what was called a „mixed economy‟ model. Here both the state and the
private sector would play important and complementary roles in increasing productions and generating jobs. So,
the role of the Commission was to define that which industries should be initiated by the states and which by the
private, how to achieve a balance between the different regions and states.
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Ultimately, lifting poverty from India and building a modern technical and industrial base were the main
objectives of the Planning Commission.
QNo.3 What did Dr Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics we will have equality, and in social and
economic life we will have inequality”?
Ans: Many Indians contributed to the framing of the Constitution but perhaps the most important role was played
by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. In his final speech to the Constituent Assembly,
Dr B. R. Ambedkar pointed out that political democracy had to be accompanied by economic and social
democracy. In the politics he meant everybody regardless gender, class and education, will have the right to vote
and everybody will be equal, but in social and economical life, there would be great difference between the high
castes and the low castes, the rich and the poor, the Hindu community and the people who practiced different
faiths. So giving the right to vote would not automatically lead to the removal of other inequalities.
With the new Constitution he said, India was going to enter into a new life of contradictions. Dr.
Ambedkar believed that there will be equality in politics in our country because we will be recognizing the
principal of one man, one vote and one value. But in our social and economic life we will have inequality because
our social and economic structure denies the principle of one man one value. Our system is such that inequality in
social and economic sector will remain in our country.
Qno.4 Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after Independence?
Ans: After Independence the Constituent Assembly had to discuss the issue of language. Many members believed
that English language should leave India with the British rulers. They argued that its place should be taken by
Hindi. But those who did not speak Hindi were of the different opinion. They wanted English to be continued in
India. Even some of the South Indian states threatened to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them. A
compromise was finally arrived that while Hindi would be the “official language” of India, English would be used
in the courts, the services, and communications between one state and another.
Q.No.5 Find out the achievements of India during the past sixty years?
Ans: As India became independent, it kept some objectives of lifting India and Indians out of poverty, and
building a modern, technical and industrial country. That‟s why government set up planning commission in 1950
to help, design and execute suitable policies for economic development. Mixed economy model was adopted in
the country to encourage private and public sectors that would play important and complementary role in
increasing production and generating jobs.
Second five Year Plan was formulated in 1956 which strongly focused on development of heavy industries
like steel and building of large dams.
Lot of development also took place in India after independence in the fields of agriculture and industries.
With the Green Revolution India become self dependent in the field of food production. A number of heavy and
small scale industries were established to make India as an industrial country.
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Subject: Civics
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Q no.1 What is disaster?
Ans. A disaster is an unexpected event such as a very bad accident, flood or a fire that kills a lot of people or
causes a lot of damage. It refers to personal and public misfortunes that result in grave loss of life and property
Qno.2 Write down some features of a disaster.
Ans. Some of the features of a disaster are as under:(i) Uncertainty of a disaster:- Some disasters are uncertain that means we are not sure about the happenings of a
disaster such as sudden disasters.
(ii) Speed of a disaster:- The intensity of a disaster may be high or low e.g. earthquake of 2005 with the intensity
of 7.4 Richter scale.
(iii) Unfamiliarity of a disaster:- This means when we are not confident at what time the disaster will strike.
(iv) Unpredictability of a disaster:- It means that we cannot predict the disaster in terms of when it will happen,
where and how it will occur.
Qno.3 Explain briefly the Disaster Management process?
Ans. Disaster Management cycle refers to the steps undertaken under the process of pre-disaster, during disaster
and post disaster.
(i). Relief Response:- It means the measure taken during and after the disaster to reduce the effects of the disaster.
It includes implementation of disaster management plan, setting up of medical camps, mobilization of resources
for aid to the sufferers, providing temporary shelters, sending of search and rescue teams and issuing update
warnings.
(ii). Recovery:- It includes measures for rehabilitation of the affected people. They are provided shelter, health
care, counseling and adequate means of livelihood. Recovery measures also include reconstruction of physical and
economic infrastructure of the region and restoring connectivity.
(iii). Prevention:- To prevent a disaster is the best way to reduce the effects of disaster. The preventive measures
include proper use of land, not to live in risk zones or constructing shock-proof structures, to educate people about
the cause and effect of disaster. To make the people ready to face the disaster, we should arrange mock drills,
training and practice, development of proper warning system and make mutual aid programmes.
Qno.4 Discuss in details about Disaster management In India.
Ans. The Prime Minister of India on 15th July 2005 setup a five member National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines to be followed by ministers and departments of the centre
and the states. It approves the national disaster management plans. It‟s the duty of the NDMA to see that the plans
are properly implemented.
India has adopted a national policy on disaster management. It has also circulated to the states a model
disaster management course. The government has setup a national institute of disaster management. It has asked
the states to convert department of relief and rehabilitation into department of disaster management. Disaster
management authorities have been setup at state and district levels. People are also trained to face disasters. The
NGO‟s, student organizations and different trusts are also asked to participate in the work of disaster management.
GLOBAL ISSUES
Q.No.1 Why are Human Rights essential? Why is 10th December celebrated as Human Rights Day?
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Ans. Human Rights are fundamental rights that every human being needs to be able to live with dignity, justice,
honour and peace. These rights are essential for one‟s existence and development as a human being. All
individuals should enjoy human rights without any distinction of race, religion, caste, color or sex.
On 10th Dec 1984, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon
the different member-nations to ensure all the human rights to their people. Thus, 10th Dec is celebrated all over
the world every year as Human Rights Day.
Q.No.2 Describer how arms race is a waste of resources?
Ans. A huge amount of money is being spent on armaments. Millions of scientists, engineers and other persons
devote their time and skill to develop new weapons. All these people can utilize their skills and powers for the
welfare of humanity.
Today, there are millions of people who are under-nourished, illiterate and suffering from diseases. A mere
fraction of the amount which is being spent on increasing military powers can make the humanity prosperous.
Thus, in this way we can say arms race is a waste of resources.
Q.No.3 Briefly explain the disparities between the developed and the developing countries.
Ans. The disparities between the developed and the developing countries are as under:Developed Countries
(i) About 30% of the total population lives in
developed countries.
(ii) These countries can fulfill the needs of 80%
people with the things they produce.
(iii) The per capita income in these countries is
between $30,000 to $35,000.
(iv) These countries have no problem of poverty
or illiteracy.
Developing Countries
(i) 70% of the entire world population lives in the
developing countries.
(ii) These countries can fulfill the requirements of
only 20% people with the things they produce.
(iii) The per capita income in these countries is
between $1000 to $1500.
(iv) These countries are not able to provide basic
necessities of life to their people. Illiteracy and
poverty are curse for these countries.
(v) These countries have both resources and (v) The countries have no such resources for their
development.
technology.
Q.No.4 What do you mean by child labour? What are its causes?
Ans. Child labour means to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. Basically, child labour is
exploiting the under age children in any form forcing them to work illegally which harms or abuses them. This
abuse may be physical, mental or sexual. It deprives the children of their right of basic education and stunts their
physical growth. According to UNICEF there are estimated 250 million children aged 5-14 in child labour world
wide, excluding domestic child labour.
The causes of child labour are as under:
1) Poverty:- Poor families usually keep as many family members working as possible to ensure income security
and survival. It is very difficult for poor families to invest in their children‟s education.
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2) Lack of school facilities:- Many children live in areas that do not have adequate school facilities, so they work.
Many countries do not have free and compulsory education for all, which is an obstacle in sending working
children to school.
3) Family size:- Poor families usually have more children, and with large families, there is a greater chances that
children will work and have lower school attendance.
4) Cruel employers:- Some employers hire children because they can pay them less money. They also offer poor
working conditions because children are less likely to complain.
Q.No.5 What are the negative effects of population explosion?
Ans. Population explosion has many negative effects:1) Population explosion leads to all kinds of shortages such as food, water, housing, gas, electricity, medical and
sanitation, education and employment facilities.
2) It leads to excessive demand of everything and excessive demand leads to overuse of land, water, forests, oil,
gas etc.
3) This causes over cropping, over grazing, soil erosion, pollution of the water resources and rivers, piling of
garbage, air pollution and desertification.
4) Over exploitation of natural resources results in environmental degradation.
5) It results in the development of slums where people live in unhealthy and unhygienic conditions. This causes
epidemics, diseases and higher child mortality rate.
Q.No.6 Write the notes on the following:
a) Terrorism:
Ans. Terror means to threaten, to tremble or to frighten. Terrorism means an organized violence against
government, men, women, and children etc to attain certain objectives. It is an act of violence aimed at causing
terror and panic among the people. Modern terrorism differs from that of the past because its victims are
frequently innocent civilians who are picked at random. There are hundreds of terrorist organizations all over the
world. Many possess weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre on 11 Sept 2001
popularly known as 9/11, the 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attack in 2008 etc has made it necessary for the world
community to unite and fight against global terrorism.
b) Poverty:
Ans. Poverty is “inability to acquire the minimum basic needs for a decent human existence like food, clothing,
shelter, education, and health care.” Poverty is also defined in terms of calorie intake. The criteria for estimating
the number of people living below the poverty line are based on a person‟s nutritional requirements in terms of
calories. The minimum nutritional requirement per person per day is estimated to be around 2400 calories in both
rural and urban areas. A household unable to meet this requirement is categorized as a household below the
poverty line.
c) Nuclear arms race:
Ans. Nuclear arms race is a major obstacle in the way of achieving world peace. The arms race started during the
2nd world war. The United States of America was the only country which possessed atomic weapons. Later on, the
Soviet Union, France, Great Britain and the Communist China also joined the arms race. More and more countries
including the developing countries are joining this race. India, Pakistan and North Korea have also joined the
nuclear club. This arms race will prove to be destructive for the human race.
THE UNITED NATIONS
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Qno1) Who heads the U. N. Secretariat?
Ans: The Secretary General is the head of the U. N. Secretariat.
Qno2) Which organ of the UN settles international dispute?
Ans: The International Court of Justice settles international disputes.
Qno3) Which organ of the UN can order military action against an aggressor?
Ans: The General Assemble on the recommendation of Security Council can order military action against
aggressor.
Qno4) Where and when was the UN Charter signed?
Ans: The UN Charter was signed at San Francisco (USA) in 1945.
Qno5) Name the Indian who has been the President of the International Court of Justice.
Ans: B. N. Rao
Qno6) Who is the present Secretary General of the United Nations? Which country does he belong to?
Ans: Ban-Ki-Moon is the present Secretary General of the UN. He belongs to South Korea.
Qno7) When and why was the United Nations founded?
Ans: The United Nations was founded on 24th October 1945 to stop wars in the future and promote international
cooperation.
Qno8) List the main objectives of the United Nations.
Ans: The main objectives of the United are:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
To keep peace throughout the world.
To develop friendly relations among nations.
To co-operate in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.
To encourage respect for each other‟s rights and freedom.
To be a centre for helping nations to achieve these aims.
Qno9) Mention the composition and functions of the Security Council?
Ans: The Security Council is the most important organ of the United Nations:
Composition: It has fifteen members. France, the People‟s Republic of China, the Federation of Russian
Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are its permanent members. The other ten
members are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years.
Function: The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security. It also examines disputes between countries and tries to settle them peacefully.
Qno10) What are the principal organs of the United Nations?
Ans: There are six principal organs of the United Nations:
i.
The General Assembly.
ii.
The Security Council.
iii. The Economic and Social Council.
iv.
The Trusteeship Council.
v.
The International Court of Justice.
vi.
The Secretariat.
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Qno11) Give some of the achievements of the United Nations.
Ans: The United Nations has helped many nations in achieving independence. It has made significant contribution
in the economic, social and cultural development of the developing countries. It was helpful in preventing several
wars in Kashmir, Congo, Cyprus and Yemen. Various agencies of the United Nations have taken many steps for
promoting health and welfare of humanity. Economic development of the developing countries is going on with
the monetary help of the U.N. The United Nations is working for an all round development of humanity.
Qno12) Name any two special agencies of the United Nations.
Ans: The two special agencies of the United Nations are:
(i) The World Health Organization (WHO) :- It was set up in 1948 with the purpose of improving the physical
and mental health of all. Its Headquarter is in Geneva.
(ii) The International Labour Organization (ILO) :- It was set up in 1946. Its purpose is to promote social justice
and to improve conditions of labourers. Its Headquarter is in Geneva.
Qno13) Name the permanent members of the Security Council.
Ans: The permanent members of the Security Council are:
i.
France.
ii.
The People‟s Republic of China.
iii. The Federation of Russian Republic.
iv.
The United Kingdom.
v.
The United States of America.
Know about your state J & K
Q.1
Ans
What is the longitudinal and latitudinal extent of J & K?
J& K is located between 32017‟ North and 3706‟ North latitudes and 73026‟ East and 80030‟ East.
Q.2
Ans
Name the neighbouring countries of J& K?
China, Afghanistan
Q.3
Ans
Name few minerals found in J& K?
Coal, Gypsum, Limestone, Graphite etc.
Q.4
Ans
Give the names of any three tourist spots in the state?
Mugal Gardens, Pahalgam, Gulmarg.
Q.5
Ans
Give the names of any three lakes in the state?
Wular lake, Dal lake and Manasbal Lake.
Q.6
Ans
What is the staple crop of J& K?
Rice
Q.7
Ans
Give the names of any two rivers which flow in the state?
Jhelum and Chenab
Q.8
Ans
Write the names of glaciers of our state?
Siachen, Biafo, Battaro, Hispar, Nubra, Thajwas, Nunkun.
Q.9
Ans
Name all the important springs of our state J& K?
Verinag, Kokernag, Achabal, Cheshmashahi, Khirbhawani.
Q.10 Name the famous cuisine of the state?
Ans Kashmiri Wazwan, Rajma, Patisa, Chocolate Barfi, Thupka (Noodle Soup), Tsampa (Barley Flour)
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Q.11 Give the names of religious places of the state, you have visited?
Ans Hazratbal Shrine, Charari Sharif, Baba Reshi, Vaishno Devi Shrine Etc.
Q.12 Name some endangered species of the state?
Ans Hangul, Snow Leopard, Markhor, Batrian Camel.
Q.13 What are the adventure spot of the state?
Ans White River Rafting, Trekking, Polo, Skiing.
Q.14 In which direction of Jammu is Udhampur, Anantang and Dal Lake.
Ans. Udhampur
North east
Anantag
north
Dal lake
north
Q.15 List the important landmarks on both sides of the banks of river tawi and jehlum.
Ans Tawi
Bahu fort, Bag-E-Bahu, Jammu university
Jehlum
Badshah Tomb, Khankah Shrine, Sri Pratab Museum
Q.16 In which direction of Jammu city is airport?
Ans South West
Q.17 Where is Badamibagh located?
Ans Srinagar
Q.18 In which direction of river Tawi is the railway track?
Ans South East
Q.19 In which direction is government medical college in Jammu?
Ans Northern part of Jammu city.
Q.20 In which direction is Soura medical college in Srinagar?
Ans North West
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