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Guns and Crime Disturbing Statistics • _____ of 30K suicides annually involve firearms • _____ fatal handgun accidents each yr. • 2/3s of ~16,000 homicides in 2003 involved firearms • More than ______additional crimes involved __________ that year • However, # of gun-related crimes _________ 19 73 19 74 19 75 19 76 19 77 19 78 19 79 19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 Thousands Crimes Committed with Firearms 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Homicides 30 20 15 10 5 0 40 30 20 10 0 Percent 19 73 19 74 19 75 19 76 19 77 19 78 19 79 19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 Thousands Gun Use in Homicides Homicides w/firearm 80 25 70 60 50 How Many Guns Are There in the U.S? 1. Production-Based Estimates • • • • ______________ ______________ ______________ = Over ____ million firearms – 1/3 are handguns • Ways in which estimate is flawed 2. Survey-Based Estimates Household surveys since 1959 _____________ report at least 1 gun Prevalence has remained constant Who Owns Guns? • • • • • ___________ ___________ residents ___________ ________ income Ownership not consistently _____ in groups where violence is _______ • Survey data _________________________ Why Do People Own Guns? • Firearms generally: __________ • Handguns: ____________ • The _________ and _________ more likely to own firearms • ___________ in criminal justice system Criminal’s Motivations for Gun Ownership • • • Survival Capital investment Robbers with a gun have an ____________ that of unarmed robbers How Do Criminals Acquire Guns? 45 39.6 40 35 29.3 Percent 30 25 20 15 10 9.9 8.3 3.8 5 1 0.7 Flea Market Gun show 0 Retail store Pawn shop Family or friend Theft Other illegal What Kinds of Guns Do Criminals Have? • • • • The Focus on “Bad Guns” Machine Guns Assault Weapons Saturday Night Specials Machine Guns in Crime • A rarity • In Miami: < 1% of all homicides • In Los Angeles: not even recorded by police • In Chicago: not a single machine guns seized by police in drug warrant executions during 80’s Assault Weapons • Assault weapon ban in 1994 Federal Crime Control Bill (Diane Feinstein) • Difficulty in defining AWs • Initially, semi-automatic weapons with large capacity magazines • Winnowed to guns that had “military appearance” What is Considered an “Assault Weapon”? Rifle classified as an “assault weapon” if it has detachable magazine and posses two of the following 9folding or telescopic stock 9pistol grip protruding beneath the stock 9bayonet mount 9flash suppressor 9grenade launcher Assault Weapons Used in Crime • Nationally, from 1980-1994 (pre-ban), only _________ confiscated guns were "assault weapons". • Last year, _______ of criminals that used guns used “assault weapons”. • AW ban expired in September 2004 Saturday Night Specials • ATF definition 9Less than ______ 9__________ caliber or smaller bore 9Barrel length of ___________ • Used in ________ of all violent crimes involving guns • Criminals ___________ to own Guns and Violent Crime: 3 Major Questions • Are guns more likely to result in injury or death? • Do more guns mean more crime, more suicides? • Do more guns mean less crime? 1. Are gun assaults more likely to cause injury or death? • Injuries from gun-related assaults from NCV • _____ of those shot at were hit • _____ of those attacked with knife were injured • Deaths from gun-related assaults • ___________ result in death • ___________ wounds result in death 2. Do more guns mean more crime, more suicides? • Gun supply - in particular, handguns - has ______________ • Appears ________ to _________, ___________, & even ____________ Do More Guns Mean More Crime? Additional Insights from Robbery • No ____________ on robbery rates • Does increase number ________________ • But injuries _______________ in gun robberies • When injuries do occur, those robbed with guns ____________________________ • Murder is more likely in gun robberies • Guns _______________________ 3. Do More Guns Mean Less Crime? Do guns provide a deterrent effect? – Specific v. general deterrence National surveys show guns do have a _______________________ – Incidence of _________________ (DGU) – ____________ DGUs annually – __________ more often than used in crime Guns Ownership and General Deterrence • Several sources suggest a general deterrent effect • International comparisons in ___________ – Countries with lower rates of gun ownership, burglars more often _______________ • Studies of _______________________ – Felons report had ______________ because knew or believed target armed More Evidence of a General Deterrence Effect Firearm training in Orlando • 2500 women taught to use guns • Decrease of ____________________ • Rate ______________ in rest of Florida Still, More Evidence of a General Deterrent Effect • Studies showing increased in CCW permits permits reduce crime • John Lott’s study of 3,000 counties 1977-1992 • Research finding: violent crime drops when states switch from __________________ to ___________ to __________________________________________ • After switch, murder fell by 8%; rapes by 5% • In entire country, number of murders went up by 24% and rapes by 71% Gun Control Legislation • • • More than ______ guns laws in US Most laws enacted following __________________ Cover several different areas 1. 2. 3. 4. Manufacture and importation Sale and purchase Possession Use Federal Firearm Licensees created by ____________ __________________________ – _________________________________ Gun Control Legislation (cont’d) • List of ineligibles expanded in __________________ – minors, drug addicts, mentally ill – _______________ of enforcement • ___________ (1993) provided enforcement of GGA – Waiting period of _______________ – Allowed for background check • Brady Bill provisions led to creation of ____________ implemented in 1998 – over 46 million applications since 1994 – ______________ rejected – 50% due to _____________________ – 14% due to ________________________ – remainder due to _____________, _________________ Effects of Gun Laws • Recent review by CDC – “insufficient evidence with which to conclude the effectiveness of firearm laws in modifying violent outcomes.” • Example of New York’s Sullivan laws – ____________________________ – _____________________ in U.S. occur in NYC • Example of Washington, DC – ________________ – ________________ in Nation Response by Gun Control Advocates • __________________ of gun laws • Concede actually too many laws – Laws ________________ – ______________ across the country • Need _________ gun control laws – Point to national gun control policies in other countries – Example of ____________ Response by Opponents of Gun Control • Example of _______________ – 6 million persons, 2 million guns – 600,000 automatic assault weapons – murder rate ____________ to Japan • __________________ • Other firearms easily obtained The Debate Over the 2nd Amendment 2nd Amendment A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Competing Explanations of 2nd Amendment • Interpretation by proponents of gun control – Amendment __________________ • Only guarantees states can ___________ – 1st part of 2nd Amendment related to and subordinate to 2nd part The Argument over 2nd Amendment Opponents of gun control – Point to __________ showing Founding Fathers intentions that Americans have right to be armed – Concern about _________________ – Concern about _________________ Supreme Court rulings • Only 1 decision in 20th century – _________________ – Not violation of 2nd Amendment to __________________________________ • Differing interpretations of ruling • ________________________________
