Download Tissues Chapter 4 - Science is Forever

Tissues
3-4 Questions:
Level 2
Headings / Vocabulary / Important Information
Terminology
•Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities
– Histo = Tissue
–…ology = study of
•Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased
– Patho = disease
Four Main Types
• Epithelial
– Body surfaces, hollow
organs, glands
• Connective
– Binds organs
together, energy
reserves for fat
• Muscle
– Movement and force
application
• Nervous
– Stimulates action potential to activate body functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3-4 Sentence
Summary:
Germ Layers
Ectoderm – The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the
epidermis of skin
Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue,
blood, muscles
Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary
bladder, and respiratory tract
Junctions
Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various
cell types
Tight Junctions -Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of
substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary
bladder, and intestines
Anchoring Junction (Desmosomes) – Fasten cells to on another, common in
stretched areas such as heart, uterus, and outer skin
Gap Junction – Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through
connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular
contraction, pain


EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Function: Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion
Divisions:
1. Covering and Lining
2. Glandular Epithelium
Tissue Arrangements
Cell Shapes
3-4 Questions:
Level 3
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
A.Squamous B.Cuboidal C.Columnar
A.Simple Squamous Epithelium
•Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and
secretion in serous membranes
•Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose, and
wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart
and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine)
B.Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
•Function: Secretion and Absorption
•Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary
Surface (Ova)
C.”Ciliated” Simple Columnar Epithelium
•Function: Moves fluids and particles
along passageways
•Location: Found in respiratory tract
(mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes
(Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen
removal Runny Nose)
C.”Non-Ciliated” Simple Columnar Epithelium
•Function: Microvilli secretion & Absorption
•Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of
nutrients and water) & Gallbladder
(Secretion of Bile)
II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM:
A.Pseudostatified B.Squamous C.Cuboidal D.Columnar E.Transitional
A. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
•Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action
•Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and urethra, and
gonads of males (Sperm maturation)
B. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin; vagina,
mouth, esophagus, tongue
•Location:
–Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin
–Non-Keratinized =Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina,Tongue)
3-4 Sentence Summary:
3-4 Questions:
Level 4
C. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
•Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands
•Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT)
D. Transitional Epithelium
•Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary tract and vaginal walls as
fluid pressures vary.
–Stretched = Squamous
–Relaxed = Cuboidal
•Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder
III. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM:
A. Glandular B. Exocrine
A. Endocrine Gland
•Function: Produce hormones
•Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries, Testicles
B. Exocrine Glands
–Eccrine or Merocrine Secretion
•Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely
–Salivary Glands
–Apocrine secretion
•Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell
–Mammary Gland
–Holocrine Secretion
•Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge
with its product-Sebaceous Gland (Acne)
IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
A. Bone B.Cartilage-i.Hyaline ii.Fibrocartilage iii.Elastic C.Dense Fibrous
D.Loose-i.Areolar ii.Adipose iii.Reticular E. Blood
Three basic characteristics:
1. Cell Types
–Fibroblasts – Large, flat immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical
secretion of matrix cmpds
–Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis
-Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphcoyte ~ Antibodies
–Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants)
2. Ground Substance (Matrix)
•Hyaluronic Acid
–Cell binding, wound healing
•Chondroitin Sulfate
–Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage
•Dermatan Sulfate
–skin, tendons, heart valves
•Keratan Sulfate-Bone, Cartilage
3. Fibers (Matrix)
 Collagen – Strength for tissues, most abundant
 Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size
A. BONE
Compact vs. Spongy
 Provides for support
 Movement-Marrow (blood-forming)
B. CARTILAGE
i.Hyaline, ii.Fibrocartilage, iii.Elastic
i. Hyaline Cartilage
 Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic
 Smooth surface for reduction of friction
 Movement of Joints, Flexibility,
 Support (Trachea), Ossification
ii. Fibrocartilage
 Extremely tough
 Acts as a shock absorber, ball and socket joints
Imagine this tissue iii. Elastic Cartilage
• Abundance of elastin for stretching capability
is in your body…
• Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx
where is it?
C. DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength
• Strong attachment for
• Tendons (Muscle to Bone)
• Ligaments (Bone to Bone)
D. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
i.Areolar, ii.Adipose, iii.Reticular
i. Areolar Connective Tissue
• Provides strength, elasticity, and support to
subcutaneous layer and papillary regions of skin
• Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers
ii. Adipose Tissue
3-4 Questions:
Level 5
• Fat (White):Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage
• Fat (Brown): Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver
• After infants grow up, most of the
mitochondria (gives the brown color)
disappears, becomes similar to white fat.
• Recent Research=brown fat is related not to
white fat, but to skeletal muscle
iii. Reticular Connective Tissue
• Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)-soft internal
skeleton that supports other cell types
3-4 Questions:
Level 6
E. BLOOD
•
•
•
•
Oxygen Transport
Clotting (platelets)
Immunity (WBC’s)
Nutrient delivery
V. MUSCLE TISSUE-A.Cardiac B.Skeletal C.Smooth
A. Cardiac Muscle
•
•
Composes the heart wall
Functions in pumping blood
to all parts of the body
Intercalated discs contain
Gap Junctions
(Communication) &
Desmosomes (Anchor)
B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
•
•
•
•
•
•
3-4 Sentence Summary:
Forms walls of many
internal organs ie:
Stomach, GI tract,
Uterus, Anus
Functions in motion
of internal organs
Attached to bones by
tendons
Functions in body
movements, posture,
thermogenesis
Only Muscle tissue
controlled voluntarily
C. Smooth Muscle Tissue
VI. Nervous Tissue
• Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia
• Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response
to action potential (Sensory, Motor,
Interneuron)
1. Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli
2. Axons – Conductor of impulse