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Tissues 3-4 Questions: Level 2 Headings / Vocabulary / Important Information Terminology •Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities – Histo = Tissue –…ology = study of •Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased – Patho = disease Four Main Types • Epithelial – Body surfaces, hollow organs, glands • Connective – Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat • Muscle – Movement and force application • Nervous – Stimulates action potential to activate body functions • • • • • • • 3-4 Sentence Summary: Germ Layers Ectoderm – The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the epidermis of skin Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue, blood, muscles Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract Junctions Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types Tight Junctions -Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines Anchoring Junction (Desmosomes) – Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart, uterus, and outer skin Gap Junction – Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction, pain EPITHELIAL TISSUE Function: Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion Divisions: 1. Covering and Lining 2. Glandular Epithelium Tissue Arrangements Cell Shapes 3-4 Questions: Level 3 I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: A.Squamous B.Cuboidal C.Columnar A.Simple Squamous Epithelium •Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes •Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose, and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine) B.Simple Cuboidal Epithelium •Function: Secretion and Absorption •Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova) C.”Ciliated” Simple Columnar Epithelium •Function: Moves fluids and particles along passageways •Location: Found in respiratory tract (mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal Runny Nose) C.”Non-Ciliated” Simple Columnar Epithelium •Function: Microvilli secretion & Absorption •Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile) II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM: A.Pseudostatified B.Squamous C.Cuboidal D.Columnar E.Transitional A. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium •Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action •Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation) B. Stratified Squamous Epithelium •Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin; vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue •Location: –Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin –Non-Keratinized =Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina,Tongue) 3-4 Sentence Summary: 3-4 Questions: Level 4 C. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium •Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands •Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT) D. Transitional Epithelium •Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary. –Stretched = Squamous –Relaxed = Cuboidal •Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder III. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM: A. Glandular B. Exocrine A. Endocrine Gland •Function: Produce hormones •Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries, Testicles B. Exocrine Glands –Eccrine or Merocrine Secretion •Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely –Salivary Glands –Apocrine secretion •Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell –Mammary Gland –Holocrine Secretion •Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product-Sebaceous Gland (Acne) IV. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: A. Bone B.Cartilage-i.Hyaline ii.Fibrocartilage iii.Elastic C.Dense Fibrous D.Loose-i.Areolar ii.Adipose iii.Reticular E. Blood Three basic characteristics: 1. Cell Types –Fibroblasts – Large, flat immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical secretion of matrix cmpds –Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis -Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphcoyte ~ Antibodies –Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants) 2. Ground Substance (Matrix) •Hyaluronic Acid –Cell binding, wound healing •Chondroitin Sulfate –Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage •Dermatan Sulfate –skin, tendons, heart valves •Keratan Sulfate-Bone, Cartilage 3. Fibers (Matrix) Collagen – Strength for tissues, most abundant Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size A. BONE Compact vs. Spongy Provides for support Movement-Marrow (blood-forming) B. CARTILAGE i.Hyaline, ii.Fibrocartilage, iii.Elastic i. Hyaline Cartilage Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic Smooth surface for reduction of friction Movement of Joints, Flexibility, Support (Trachea), Ossification ii. Fibrocartilage Extremely tough Acts as a shock absorber, ball and socket joints Imagine this tissue iii. Elastic Cartilage • Abundance of elastin for stretching capability is in your body… • Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx where is it? C. DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE • Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength • Strong attachment for • Tendons (Muscle to Bone) • Ligaments (Bone to Bone) D. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE i.Areolar, ii.Adipose, iii.Reticular i. Areolar Connective Tissue • Provides strength, elasticity, and support to subcutaneous layer and papillary regions of skin • Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers ii. Adipose Tissue 3-4 Questions: Level 5 • Fat (White):Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage • Fat (Brown): Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver • After infants grow up, most of the mitochondria (gives the brown color) disappears, becomes similar to white fat. • Recent Research=brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle iii. Reticular Connective Tissue • Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)-soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types 3-4 Questions: Level 6 E. BLOOD • • • • Oxygen Transport Clotting (platelets) Immunity (WBC’s) Nutrient delivery V. MUSCLE TISSUE-A.Cardiac B.Skeletal C.Smooth A. Cardiac Muscle • • Composes the heart wall Functions in pumping blood to all parts of the body Intercalated discs contain Gap Junctions (Communication) & Desmosomes (Anchor) B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue • • • • • • 3-4 Sentence Summary: Forms walls of many internal organs ie: Stomach, GI tract, Uterus, Anus Functions in motion of internal organs Attached to bones by tendons Functions in body movements, posture, thermogenesis Only Muscle tissue controlled voluntarily C. Smooth Muscle Tissue VI. Nervous Tissue • Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia • Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response to action potential (Sensory, Motor, Interneuron) 1. Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli 2. Axons – Conductor of impulse