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TAXONOMY The organizational system that first identifies and then classifies organisms based on physical similarities Taxis means order Nomos means law or science TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on _____________ ____________. TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on binomial nomenclature. Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus) Swedish biologist of mid-1700’s who developed the biological system of classification with seven taxonomic levels BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • • Means “two-part naming” An organism’s scientific name consists of: __________ name (general type) __________ name (specific type) Rules for Binomial Nomenclature Always written in LATIN and in italics Genus name is written first and is capitalized Species name is written second and is not capitalized LATIN is used because it is not widely spoken and therefore the meanings of the word are not likely to change. THREE REASONS FOR CLASSIFICATION 1. A universally accepted name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences – EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. Cambarus bartoni Reasons for Classification cont. 2. Organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels 3. Reveals evolutionary relationships between organisms Other Examples: Ursus horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Examples: horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis Ursus Examples: horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis - Neanderthal Ursus Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for… Felis concolor Phylogeny This is the evolutionary tree or history of an organism. Derived from the Greek words Phylo meaning tree Geny meaning descent Classification is according to genetic relatedness. Phylogeny This is becoming more common as genomes are being studied and common genetic arrangements are found between organisms. Fossil evidence is often incomplete so biologists are using more information from genetic mRNA similarities. Cladistics This is a part of phylogeny. It organizes life forms to show evolutionary relatedness. Cladograms are a linear, graphic representations of relatedness. Taxonomy Still remains the main system for biological classification. Levels of Classification Domain - The most recently th added 8 taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom The other seven levels are: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species – the broadest, most general group into which the organisms are divided. Kingdom Have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients Species - The most specific unit of classification Levels of Classification – KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – Primates FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – Primates FAMILY – Hominidae GENUS – SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – Primates FAMILY – Hominidae GENUS – Homo SPECIES Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – Primates FAMILY – Hominidae GENUS – Homo SPECIES- sapiens Common name DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus caballus Levels of Classification – Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata CLASS – Mammalia ORDER – Primates FAMILY – Hominidae GENUS – Homo SPECIES- sapiens Common name- Humans DOMAIN Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus caballus Domestic Horse EXCEPTION TO THE RULE The above categories apply to most, but not all organisms Plant kingdom is divided into DIVISIONS instead of phylums Bacteria are divided into groups called STRAINS Domain Archea Includes Kingdom Archeobacteria – Found in extreme environments, such as hotsprings. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Unicellular prokaryotes All autotrophs EX: all ancient Bacteria Might be the first living organisms Also found around fumarols or black smokers Called EXTREMOPHILES Domain Bacteria Includes Kingdom Eubacteria KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular prokaryotes Some heterotrophs and autotrophs EX: all bacteria KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Majority are beneficial to higher life forms Characteristics are: unicellular, prokaryotes, heterotrophs and autotrophs. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Cyanophyta- is a phylum called blue-green algae but is not algae. They get their energy from photosynthesis. An important producer in salt and fresh water. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA – are rock formations formed by fossilized cyanobacteria. As old as 2.8 billion years old (preCambrian) Possible formers of Earths oxygen atmosphere May have led to near extinction of anaerobic organisms Known as Spirulina, a superfood Stromatolites Domain Eukarya • • Includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals Have a nucleus KINGDOM PROTISTA • Unicellular and multicelluar eukaryotes • Some photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs • EX: amoebas, algae, kelp and slime mold KINGDOM PROTISTA are not: • • • • Bacteria Animals Plants fungi KINGDOM PROTISTA are: • • • • Mostly unicellular Complex cells Photosynthetic or decomposers or predators or a combination of the three Some are huge like the kelp forests KINGDOM FUNGI Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes All heterotrophs EX: molds, mildews, yeast, mushrooms KINGDOM FUNGI Cannot make their own food Mostly decomposers Some slime and water molds are significant water borne pathogens Some are parasitic KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls All photosynthetic autotrophs Non-motile EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and conebearing plants KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls Are all photosynthetic autotrophs EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plant Second largest kingdom KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular eukaryotes All heterotrophs Do not have cell walls EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects Largest kingdom with over 1 million species Have complex cells