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Study Guide: Final Exam – A.P. Psychology
Semester 1 / Sheridan / Fall 2016-17
History
Psychology Defined
Schools of Psychology (Structuralism vs.
Functionalism)
Modern Theoretical Perspectives
Ethics in Psychological Research
Research & Methodology
Scientific Method
Experimentation
Hypothesis
Control vs. Experimental Groups
Independent vs. Dependent Variables
Extraneous/Confounding Variables
Random Sampling/Assignment
Correlational Techniques
Correlation Coefficients
Survey Methodology
Operational Definition
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency
& Variability
Mean, Median & Mode
Standard Deviation
Causation vs. Correlation
Normal Distribution
Positive vs. Negative Skewed Distribution
Range
Experimenter Bias
Double-Blind Procedure
Validity
Reliability
Neurobiology
Neurons
Axons
Dendrites
Myelin Sheath/Glial Cells
Resting vs. Action Potential
“All or None” Principle
Electrical vs. Chemical
Synapse
Neurotransmitters

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory

Endorphins

Dopamine

ACh
The Brain & Spinal Cord (CNS)

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebrum

Corpus Callosum

Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain

Right Brain/Left Brain “Specialties”

Brain Stem

Medulla

Pons

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

4 Lobes of the Brain

Somatosensory & Motor Cortexes

Broca’s Area

Wernicke’s Area

Limbic System

Reticular Activating System

Split-Brain Studies
Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic NS (Afferent/Efferent Neurons)

Autonomic Nervous System
(Sympathetic/Parasympathetic)
Sensory/Motor Neurons
Blood/Brain Barrier
Endocrine System
Drug Impacts on Nervous System

Depressant

Stimulant

Hallucinogen

Narcotic
Pheromones
Sensation & Perception
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Signal Detection Theory
Wavelength/Hue or Pitch
Wave Amplitude/Brightness or Loudness
Right vs. Left Visual Field
Parts & Functions of the Eye

Lens

Pupil

Iris

Retina

Fovea

Blind Spot

Optic Nerve

Rod & Cone Cells
Accommodation
Trichromatic Theory vs. Opponent Process Theory
Monocular Cues (Motion Parallax, Linear
Perspective, Interposition, Relative Size
Accommodation etc.)
Binocular Cues (Retinal Disparity etc.)
Visual Cliff Studies
Gestalt Principles

Closure

Phi Phenomenon
Color Blindness
Parts & Functions of the Ear
Taste/Gustation
Touch: Warm & Cold Receptors
States of Consciousness
Stages of Sleep & EEG Changes
Circadian Rhythms
Hypnosis & Pain
Meditation Effects
Alpha Waves
Beta Waves
Delta Waves
Theta Waves
Theories of Dreaming

Wish Fulfillment (Freud)

Problem-Solving

Activation Synthesis
Learning
Learning Defined
Behaviorism
Pavlov’s Experiments
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response,
Conditioned (Neutral) Stimulus, Conditioned
Response
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization vs. Discrimination
Little Albert
John Watson, B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement Schedules
Shaping
Aversive Conditioning
Bandura’s Observational/Social Learning: Modeling
& Imitation
Cognition: Memory
3 Key Processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Elaboration
Self-Referent Encoding
Sensory Memory
Short Term & Working Memory

Rehearsal

Chunking

“7 +/- 2”

Serial Position Effect
Long Term Memory
Procedural Memory
Episodic Memory
State-Dependent Learning
Schema/Scripts
Mnemonic Devices
Interference & Forgetting
Retrograde/Anterograde Amnesia