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The economic costs of conservation response options to climate change: the case of the Cape Floristic Region Presented by Anthony Letsoalo CSIR Environmentek Outline Aim and objectives of the economic analysis Response options analyzed Concept of cost-benefit analysis Determinants of cost of PAN (Protected Area Network) Types of cost incurred in conservation Attractiveness of incentive to private landowners Types of incentives to private landowners Cape Floristic Region as the study area Results on the cost of expanded PAN The benefits of expanded PAN Aim & objectives Aim - To evaluate cost and benefits of a range of adaptation options Objectives - To develop cost function for a range of adaptation options - To establish the benefits associated with different options Response options to climate change No response – loss of species might occur. Land acquisition – for new reserve Matrix management – conservation of private land. Ex-situ conservation – preservation in gene/ seed banks, botanical gardens, zoo. Translocation – assisted dispersal Total cost (TC) versus total economic value (TEV) Net cost of each option will be determined from estimated direct costs and direct benefits of the option. Direct costs include cost of new land acquisition, translocation and ex-situ conservation Total economic value include both use and non-use values of species resource The components of total economic value Determinants of cost of PAN 1. Size - An increase in PAN results in lower cost 2. Vegetation type and dominant habitat class - Open biomes are expensive to manage because of accessibility. 3. Extent of land transformation - Higher transformation on the land results in higher restoration cost, thereby making land expensive to acquire. 4. Surrounding land uses - Involvement of the surrounding communities in conservation is important (CBNRM) Study Area Habitat classes and associated management requirements Management requirements Habitat class Primary BHU Represented Control of invasives Wildfire control Prescribed burning Ecological monitoring requirements Coastal Dune pioneer, Fynbos/Thicket mosaic, Strandveld High High Medium High Lowland Sandplain Fynbos, Limestone Fynbos, Grassy Fynbos, Fynbos/Renosterveld mosaic, Coastal Renosterveld, Inland Renosterveld High Medium Medium Medium Forest and thicket Afromontante Forest, Indian Ocean Forest, Mesic Succulent Thicket Medium Medium Medium Medium Wet Mountain Fynbos Mountain complex Medium Medium Medium Medium Dry Mountain Fynbos Inland Renosterveld, Mountain Complex Low Low Low Low Karoo Vygieveld, Broken Veld, Xeric Succulent Thicket Low Low Low Low Methods Literature review of national and international studies on adaptation costs Interview experts in ex-situ conservation Apply quantity times price approach to derive total cost Identify the benefits – avoided ecological damage Types of cost 1. Land acquisition Involves buying of land Cost of land differs according to land use 2. Operating cost include salaries, field allowances, equipment, transport and maintenance costs and includes provisions for senior field and research staff (Martin, 2003) 3. Capital requirement This applies only to new-reserves Include infrastructure, fencing, etc. 4. Cost of ex-situ conservation Cost of gene banking Cost of seed banking NB: the costs depend on the response option chosen. Once-off costs of acquiring different habitat types Forest and thicket Karoo Wet mountain fynbos Dry mountain fynbos Lowland Coastal 0 200 400 600 Cost per hectare (US$) 800 1000 Operating cost per various park sizes Operating costs per km2 per year 120 000 100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 - Park Size (km2) Capital requirement per park size 600 000 Capital costs (US$/km2) 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 - Park size (km2) Cost of gene/ seed banking Seed Banking costs Average recording & collecting costs (per species) Cost to re-establish plants in plantation (per plant) R1 230 R 10 The Cost of Gene Banking Consumable cost per DNA extraction (per species) Genetic fingerprinting for plants (per fingerprint) Start-up Cost Ultracentrifuge -80°C freezer DNA bank “manager” R 150 R 200 R572 000 R422 000 R 80 000 R 70 000 Providing incentives to private landowners Statement from questionnaire Agree Unsure Disagree Offering landowners incentives is a good idea 92.5 2.5 87.5 5 57.5 7.5 5 for promoting conservation on private land. Protection of plants/animals outside reserves 7.5 should be the responsibility of private landowners. CNC or another government organisation should bear the costs for the conservation of renosterveld on the property. 35 Types of incentives Incentive Percentage of respondents 1. Assistance with fencing and land management 2. Assistance with alien vegetation clearing 3. Rates relief for land conserved 4. Grants or subsidies for conservation 5. Tax deductions 6. Access to scientific advice 7. Tourism incentives 8. Law enforcement 9. Access to farm planning and management support 10. Assistance with fire management 11. Free access to all WCNCB parks and reserves 12. Discounts for accommodation at WCNCB resorts 13. Advice on legal compliance procedure 14. Public/community recognition 72.5 67.5 67.5 65 47.5 45 40 32.5 32.5 30 27.5 27.5 17.5 15 Frequency 29 27 27 26 19 18 16 13 13 12 11 11 7 6 Land required in extended PAN Description Area(ha) % of total area required Required to protect all proteas threatened by climate change 430 364 100 Required area already protected in Type 2 reserves Remaining area required 132 578 297 785 30.81 69.19 Area required that is already protected in conservancies Remaining area required 44 651 253 135 14.99 58.82 Required area already within the Kogelberg Biosphere Core Remaining area required 342 252 791 00.08 58.74 Required area protected within biosphere reserve buffer zones Remaining area required OF THIS Area still to be protected that falls within state-owned land Area still to be protected that falls within private land 5 152 247 639 01.20 57.54 6 182 241 457 02.50 97.50 Total costs of expanding protected area network Costs per ha New reserve system Land acqusition Capital cost Operating cost Alien species removal Matrix management Establing contractual reserves Annual monitoring Alien species removal No of hectares 6,182 6,182 6,182 6,182 Total cost (US$) 10,880,076 655,228 140,386 10,084,461 241,457 241,457 394,901,272 240,000 781,081 393,880,191 10,599 2,271 1,631 3.23 1,631 Costs per species No of species Gene banking Start-up cost Consumable cost per DNA extraction per species Genetic fingerprinting for plants per fingerprint Seed banking Average recording & collection costs per species Cost to re-establish plants in a plantation/ botanical garden costs per plant Total cost Total cost (US$) 95,282 93,228 24 36 880 33 36 1,173 7,276 200.47 36 7,217 1.63 36 59 405,883,905 Benefits associated with different adaptation options Proteaceae to be conserved Number of species No hopers 36 Persisters 181 Partial dispersers 81 Obligate dispersers 18 Method Gene/seed banks Will adapt to climate change New PA and matrix management ?? Source: Greg Hughes, SANBI Check your understanding of Chapter 9 PASS MARK 80% Please do not proceed further until you have PASSED Chapter 9: test yourself Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The evidence for anthropogenic climate change Global Climate Models Climate change scenarios for Africa Biodiversity response to past climates Adaptations of biodiversity to climate change Approaches to niche-based modelling Ecosystem change under climate change Chapter 8 Implications for strategic conservation planning Chapter 9 Economic costs of conservation responses I hope that you enjoyed this course on climate change and conservation planning. If you have any queries or suggestions, please email James Reeler.