Download klasifikasi hewan ta 2010/2011 tm 4

Marine Sciences
Agriculture Faculty
Trunojoyo University Madura, Indonesia
KLASIFIKASI HEWAN
TA 2010/2011
TM 4
Eva Ari Wahyuni
[email protected]
CIRI UMUM ANIMALIA
• Ukuran bervariasi yaitu mulai dari yang mikroskopis
sampai yang paling besar
• Uniseluler atau Multiseluler
• Tidak berdinding sel
• Tidak berplastida dan klorofil (heterotrof)
• Mahluk eukariotik (inti ditutupi membran)
• Motil (bergerak aktif), untuk survive
• Dapat merespon rangsangan dengan cepat.
PENGELOMPOKAN HEWAN
Tipe
Simetri
asimetri
Simetri radial
Jmlh lapisan
jaringan
Simetri bilateral
HEWAN
Segmentasi
Tipe selom
SIMETRI TUBUH
• Terdiri dari tiga
A
B
C
Bentuk Tubuh Hewan
•
•
•
Asimetrik
Tak Beraturan
Radial
punya tubuh atas (dorsal) dan ventral (bawah) tapi tidak punya bagian depan
(anterior) dan bagian belakang (posterior)
Bilateral
punya tubuh atas (dorsal) dan ventral (bawah) dan punya bagian depan
(anterior) dan bagian belakang (posterior)
LAPISAN LEMBAGA
• Diploblastik
Memiliki dua lapisan
lembaga / tubuh yaitu:
1. Lapisan luar Ektoderm.
2. Lapisan dalam
Endoderm.
• Triploblastik
Memiliki tiga lapisan
lembaga / tubuh yaitu:
1. Lapisan luar Ektoderm
2. Lapisan tengah
Mesoderm
3. Lapisan dalam
Endoderm
Struktur Tubuh
Parazoa
Tidak memiliki
jaringan
Eumetazoa
Sudah memiliki
jaringan
Invertebrata
Animalia
Diploblastik
Triploblastik
Ektoderm
Ektoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Vertebrata
1. Protozoa
Hewan bersel satu (akhirnya dikelompokkan dalam
ganggang/ alga)
A. Avertebrata
Tidak bertulang
belakang
2. Metazoa
Hewan bersel
banyak
1. Pisces
B. Vertebrata
Bertulang
belakang
2. Amphibi
3. Reptil
F
I
L
U
M
1. Porifera
Hewan berpori
2. Coelenterata
Hewan berongga
3. Platyhelminthes
Cacing pipih
4. Nemathelminthes
Cacing gilig
5. Annellida
Cacing gelang
6. Mollusca
Hewan lunak
7. Arthropoda
Hewan kaki
beruas2/buku2
8. Echinodermata
Hewan berkulit
duri
Ikan
Hidup di 2 alam
Hewan melata
4. Aves
Burung
5. Mamalia
Hewan menyusui
Why Study Invertebrates?
• Banyak penyakit pd
manusia&hewan disebabkan
oleh invertebrata
• Invertebrata adalah dasar
dari sumber makanan
• Invertebrata dasar dari bbrp
studi medis (obat):
– Kontrol ekspresi gen
– Aging, cell death, fertilization and
chemoreception
– Transmission of nerve impulses,
biochemical basis of learning and
memory
– Genetic basis for the predisposition
for major diseases (i.e. type II
diabetes)
– Isolating unique chemicals for
biomedical reasons
– Using invertebrates as indicators in
monitoring aquatic systems for
pollutants
Marine Invertebrate Zoology
Invertebrate Classification and
Relationships
[email protected]
Invertebrates
Animals without a backbone.
[email protected]
CIRI UMUM INVERTEBRATA
 Eksoskeleton (rangka luar)
 Ekskresi melalui membran sel atau dengan alat
ekskresi
 Peredaran darah terbuka atau difusi
 Sistem sarafnya belum punya otak tapi dengan
simpul-simpul saraf
 Pernapasan dengan ronga tubuh atau dengan
organ pernapasan
 Diploblastik (dua lapisan tubuh)
 Simetri tubuh yaitu simetri bilateral atau radial
Deep
Sea Invertebrates
Galapagos Islands
• “If there is a harsher place to live than a hydrothermal
vent, it hasn't been found yet. Pitch darkness, poison gas,
heavy metals, extreme acidity, enormous pressure, water
at turns frigid and searing—this seafloor environment
seems more like something from deep space than from
our own deep sea.”
• Peter Tyson
BASIC VENT LIFE
• Bacteria are essential to the vent ecosystem. They are thought to attract
invertebrates (like tube worms) through chemical signals that they give off,
bringing creatures to the vent and establishing themselves as essential to vent
life.
• The clams, mussels, tube worms, and other creatures at the vent have a
symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
White Bacteria
on new basalt
rocks.
Deep sea community
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• Chemosynthesis uses the hydrogen sulfide in the vents to
create sugars and other compounds.
• These sugars and other compounds are used for energy
by the bacteria, as well as by other animals that have a
symbiotic relationship with the bacteria.
• Chemosynthetic microbes provide the foundation for
biological colonization of vents. Chemosynthetic microbes
live on or below the seafloor, and even within the bodies
of other vent animals as symbionts.
TUBE WORMS (RIFTIA PACHYPTILA )
Large worms that grow on and • These microbes bury
near deep sea vents, some
themselves within the young
get to be up to 8 feet long.
tube worm. As the tube worm
grows these bacteria feed the
• These tube worms grow in
worms through a process
large clusters around the
called chemosynthesis.
vents and live inside hard,
shell-like protective tubes that • The relationship between
attach to the rocks.
tubeworms and microbes is
quite convenient. The tube
• They live in a symbiotic
worms give the microbes a
relationships with microbes.
place to live while the
As a child these worms are
microbes share the food they
invaded by bacteria called
make from the various gasses
microbes.
from the vents
TUBE WORMS
•
Link to disection of a tube worm on the Tube worm fact sheet.
• http://www.venturedeepocean.org/downloads/R2Ktubeworm_fs1.pdf
ANOTHER TYPE OF WORM
Pompeii Worms (Alvinella pompejana ):
• Pompeii worms are most famous for the current belief that they are the "hottest"
animals on Earth. They are known as extremophiles.
• These worms simultaneously keep their heads (including the gills) in much cooler
water while their tails are exposed to hot water. It is the posterior end that is
exposed to extreme temperatures; the anterior end stays at a much more
comfortable 22°C (72°F).
• Reaching a length of up to 13 centimeters (5 inches), Pompeii worms are a pale
gray with hairy backs; these hairs are actually colonies of bacteria which are
thought to afford the worm some degree of insulation. Glands on the worm's
back secrete a mucus which the bacteria feed on.
• The Pompeii worm pokes its feather-like head out of its tube home to feed on
microbes and breathe.
• Information on the Pompeii worm is hard to gather because none have ever
survived decompression.
MUSSELS + CLAMS
• Like tubeworms, several deep-sea mussel and clam
species living near deep-sea vents contain in their
tissues symbiotic microbes which manufacture food
for them.
• The body structure of these animals differs from
related species of shallower waters:
• the deep-sea vent species typically have bigger gills, and
some have smaller guts. The gills hold the microbes: larger
gills mean more microbes, hence less need for a digestive
system. But species which retain functional guts can live for
a short time even if vent fluids stop jetting from the
seafloor. This could help them survive near vents which are
fitfully active.
MUSSELS+ CLAMS
 B. thermophilus mussels are found at vent sites along the Galapagos
Rift.
 depend almost entirely on symbiotic bacteria within their gills to supply
energy
 Deep-sea vent mussels obtain raw materials (oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide) from the environment, and supply this to the bacteria.
Using these raw materials, the bacteria create sugars that provide the
majority of nutrition for the mussel
 Larvae of this species are thought to be actively feeding
(planktotrophic)
 have high dispersal capabilities
 Previous studies have found few differences between individuals at
different sites along the East Pacific Rise
 Researchers have concluded that high rates of gene flow occur
between populations of these mussels throughout their known range
B. thermophilus
MUSSELS + CLAMS
Deep sea
 The deep-sea clam, Calyptogena
magnifica, is found in the eastern
Pacific Rise along the Galapagos
Rift.
 These clams produce large yolky
eggs
 Their occurrence is spotty;
abundant at some sites and
entirely absent at others.
Shallow
 C. magnifica is also dependent
on energy produced by sulfuroxidizing bacteria in their gills.
Deep sea
spider crab
SOME CRUSTACEANS
• Vent Spider crabs (Macroregonia macrocheira)
• Found at depths of up to and around 11,000 feet.
• Hydrothermal vent squat lobster (Munidopsis)
• Hydrothermal vent barnacle (Neolepas)
• Vent crab (Bythograea thermydron)
SOME CRUSTACEANS CONT.
• Mussels, shrimp, clams, and crabs are abundant at many vents,
but not the same as the ones you find on your plate.
• shrimp that dominate vents in the mid-Atlantic, for example, have no
eyes. However, at least one species has an extremely sensitive receptor
on its head that may be used to detect heat or even dim light coming
from vents. Scientists still aren't sure how shrimp and other vent
creatures cope with chemical-laden seawater that would kill ordinary
shellfish.
Biologists have observed a variety of smaller crustaceans around vents,
including miniature lobsters called galatheids, and amphipods
resembling sand fleas. They have also seen snail-like limpets the size of
BBs, sea anemones, snakelike fish with bulging eyes, and even
octopuses.
THE VENT CRAB
• Found at vent sites in the eastern Pacific Ocean among dense clusters of
tubeworms at an average depth of 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi).
• We’ve observed it feeding on several species of deep-sea worms, as well as
clams and mussels. Also, some studies have suggested that the adult crabs
feed on bacterial mats
• The growth stage beyond the larval stage is called the megalopa. At this stage,
the crab has well-developed eyes that can sense light levels expected at depths
around 1,000 meters in the water column. In contrast, once the megalopae
develop into adult crabs, they have much smaller, probably non-functional eyes.
• Scientists have been able to maintain the larval stages and small juveniles at
room temperature and atmospheric pressure. However, the adults are pressuresensitive and do not survive long at atmospheric pressure.
• Scientists still don’t know do not know:
•
how long it takes for the larvae to develop or where these larvae develop.
• how long they live
• how they colonize new vents.
ECHINODERMS
•
the most common large invertebrates
•
SEA CUCUMBERS (most common)
• Seapig (type of sea cucumber)
•
Transparent, rounded sea cucumber 2–4 in long, with 10 tentacles and a small
number of large papillae.
•
Deep ocean bottoms from 1,800 to 2,400 ft (550–730 m).
•
Feeds on fine surface sediment on the deep ocean bottom by pushing material
into the mouth by means of tentacles with flattened ends. On most specimens
a sediment-filled gut is easily seen through the thin body wall.
•
Sea cucumbers have tough skins that probably lessen the risk of predation.
However, they do face the problem of being eaten by large fish. Sea cucumbers,
however, don’t just lie around and let this happen. They have a number of neat
tricks. The first is that some sea cucumbers have the ability to throw up their
entire digestive systems! They do this to distract the predator who generally
focuses on the yummy bits thrown up with the stomach. The sea cucumber
then crawls away and re-grows its entire digestive tract over the next couple of
months.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• The second trick is that some other sea cucumbers have fine
sticky threads that they are able to eject out their bottoms when
trouble brews
• There are a number of animals that live with sea cucumbers.
Tiny polychaete worms that look almost identical to the skin of
the sea cucumbers crawl across the skin and are probably
responsible for cleaning the surface of the sea cucumber in
return for getting a place to live.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• Seastars:
• Move with tube feet.
• Diet: Sea stars are carnivores
(meat-eaters). They eat clams,
oysters, coral, fish, and other
animals.
• They normally eat small prey whole,
but they have to extrude their
stomachs to digest larger prey
outside their bodies. Sometimes,
sea stars will use their tube feet to
help pry open bivalves, and then
they will slip their stomachs in
between the two shells.
ECHINODERMS CONT.
• Sea stars do not have a brain; they have a simple ring of nerve cells that moves
information around the body.
• Eyespots are at the tip of each arm. If a sea star's arm is cut off, it will
regenerate.
• There are a number of predators on sea stars, including fish. We know that Red
Emperors fish eat juvenile Crown-of-Thorns sea stars, and that this species of
fish may play a role in preventing outbreaks of sea stars on the Great Barrier
Reef.
• The parasites of starfish have not largely been documented. There are a range
of symbionts (crustaceans, polychaete worms, flatworms) which live on the
surface of the sea stars. Here they usually eat substances that settle on the skin
of the sea star. This is beneficial for the sea star, which needs to keep its body
surfaces clear of substances so that it can carry out the normal activities of gas
exchange and excretion.
OTHER ECHINODERMS
•
BRITTLE AND BASKET STARS
• Class: Ophiuroidea
• The group includes about 2000 species, varying in color. They eat decaying matter
and microscopic organisms that are found on soft muddy bottoms.
•
SEA URCHINS
• Class: Echinoidea
• Covered with spines; they probably eat organic remains. They are usually rigid, but
some of the abyssal ones are curiously soft and flexible. They locomote using short
to long, movable spines.
•
SEA LILIES
• Class: Crinoidea
• Like inverted starfish, with their arms up in the current to catch organic particles.
•
FEATHER STARS
• Class: Crinoidea--
SOME OTHER VENT CREATURES
• Vent octopus
• Vent eelpout fish
• Vent limpets
• Vent scaleworm
• Jericho Worms
INTERESTING FACTS
• Perhaps the most startling condition these animals cope with is
unusual temperatures. For they must deal with both extremes -icy and scalding, often simultaneously. Water at the bottom of
the ocean is about 35°F, while vent fluids released from
chimneys can reach 750°F.
• Since the eruption, scientists have been able to watch several
stages of colonization at one site in the Atlantic. When they
returned in March 1992, only a few bacterial mats remained. In
their place were colonies of Jericho worms and a variety of
small crustaceans. The scientists named the area Phoenix,
because new life had arisen from the ashes of the eruption.
TROPHICS
Higher consumers:
Vent octopus, eelpout fish,
crabs …
Primary and lower
Consumers:
Tube worms,
amphipods, baby
crabs, clams,
mussels…
Producers: Bacteria
and Chemosynthethic
organisms.