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Kingdom Animalia
Professor Andrea Garrison
Biology 3A
Illustrations ©2014 Cengage Learning unless
otherwise noted
Kingdom Animalia
• Domain Eukarya
– Multicellular
– Heterotrophic (consumers, decomposers)
• Aerobic metabolism
– No cell wall
– Monophyletic group
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Kingdom Animalia
• Locomotion
– Motile at some time in life
• Some only as gametes
• Reproduction
– Sexual or asexual
• Some switch back and forth in life cycle
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Kingdom Animalia
• Sexual reproduction
– Short-lived haploid gametes
– Fertilization
– Diploid zygote
– Mitosis leads to adult
• Many mature through intermediate larval stages
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Kingdom Animalia
• Asexual reproduction
– Bud off genetically identical structures
– When present, alternates with sexual
reproduction
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Kingdom Animalia
• Most evolutionists feel common ancestor a
colonial flagellated protist related to
choanoflagellates (we won’t study this
group)
– Based on anatomy and RNA sequences
• Structure similar to cells in most primitive
animal group Porifera (sponges)
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Kingdom Animalia
• Shows increasing levels of complexity
• Very diverse body plans
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Tissues
• Subkingdom Parazoa
– Least complex branch of animal kingdom
– No tissues
• Tissues are a group of similar cells functioning together
– Several tissues can form an organ
• Parazoa function at the cellular level
– Each cell independent, can survive on its own
» Do show division of labor
– Put through sieve, cells will aggregate and form new organism
– No symmetry
– One phylum: Porifera (sponges)
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Tissues
• Subkingdom Eumetazoa
– More complex branch of animal kingdom
– All phyla other than Porifera
– Have tissues
– Embryonic tissues form in 2 or 3 concentric germ
cell layers
• All tissues and organs will develop from these layers
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Eumetazoa Tissue/Organ Development
• Diploblastic embryos
have 2 germ layers
(Cnidaria)
– 2 layers allow for
development of true
tissues
– Ectoderm gives rise to
epidermis and nervous
tissues
– Endoderm gives rise to
gut and associated
glands
Modified by A. Garrison
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Eumetazoa Tissue/Organ Development
• Triploblastic embryos have
3 germ layers (all other
Eumetazoa)
– 3 layers allow for
development of organs with
multiple tissues and organ
systems with multiple organs
– Ectoderm gives rise to
epidermis, nervous system
– Mesoderm gives rise to
muscles, bones, circulatory
system
– Endoderm gives rise to gut
and associated glands,
respiratory system
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Eumetazoa Symmetry
• Radial symmetry
– Radiata;
• Cnidaria
• Ctenophora
– Bisecting along multiple
planes gives mirror
images
– Slow moving
– Receive sensory input
from all directions
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Eumetazoa Symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
– Bilateria
• All other phyla beyond
Cnidaria and Ctenophora
– Bisecting along only one
plane gives mirror images
• Anatomical terms at right
– Has directionality to
movement
– Responds to sensory input
in a directional fashion
• Cephalization
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Bilateria Body Cavities
• Body cavities in bilateral animals show pattern
of development
– True coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity with cavity
and organs lined with mesodermal tissue
• Acoelomates – no body cavity
• Pseudocoelomates – false body cavity
• Coelomates – true body cavity
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Acoelomates
• No body cavity
– Ectoderm produces
epidermis
– Mesoderm produces solid
mass of tissue with
embedded organs
– Endoderm produces gut
cavity
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Pseudocoelomates
– Fluid-filled body cavity;
cavity and organs only partly
lined with mesodermal
tissue
• Ectoderm produces epidermis
• Mesoderm produces body
wall and organs
• Endoderm produces gut cavity
– Not covered by mesoderm
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Coelomates
– Fluid-filled body cavity;
cavity and organs
completely lined with
mesodermal tissue
(peritoneum)
• Ectoderm produces epidermis
• Mesoderm produces body
wall and organs
• Endoderm produces gut cavity
and associated organs
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Two groups of bilateral animals
– Protostomes
• Most invertebrates
– Deuterostomes
• Vertebrates and nearest invertebrate relatives
– Differ in embryological development
• Gut and coelom formation
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Stages of embryological
development (brief)
–
–
–
–
Fertilization
Cleavage
Blastulation
Gastrulation
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Stages of embryological
development
– Fertilization
• Forms zygote
• Sperm burrows through
membrane; sperm
nucleus enters and fuses
with egg nucleus
Animalia; photo: http://www.pdimages.com/web9.htm
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Stages of embryological
development
– Fertilization
– Cleavage
• Forms morula; 16 – 64
cell stage
• Mitotic division of zygote
results in solid ball of cells
• Embryo stays same size,
cells get smaller
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Stages of embryological
development
– Fertilization
– Cleavage
– Blastulation
• Forms blastula; 128+ cells
• Morula hollows out
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Embryological Development in
Bilateria
• Stages of embryological
development
–
–
–
–
Fertilization
Cleavage
Blastulation
Gastrulation
• Forms gastrula
• Cells invaginate to form
blastopore and
archenteron (early gut
cavity)
• Germ layers form
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Embryological Development in Bilateria
A. Cleavage
Protostomes
Four-cell embryo
Top view
Eight-cell embryo
Axis
Top view Side view
Spiral cleavage
Determinate cleavage
Deuterostomes
Four-cell embryo
Top view
Eight-cell embryo
Axis
Top view Side view
Radial cleavage
Indeterminate cleavage
Figure 31-5a, p. 674
Embryological Development in Bilateria
Protostomes
B. Mesoderm
and coelom
formation
Deuterostomes
Enterocoelom
Archenteron
Schizocoelom
Blastopore
After cells of the future endoderm
have migrated to the inside of the
embryo, mesoderm (red) differentiates near blastopore. Coelom
originates as a split in mesoderm.
After cells of the future endoderm
have migrated to the inside of the
embryo, mesoderm (red) forms
from outpocketings of archenteron.
Coelom forms from space captured
by the outpocketings.
Figure 31-5b, p. 674
Embryological Development in Bilateria
C. Origin of
mouth and
anus
Protostomes
Anus
Deuterostomes
Mouth
Coelom
Gut
Mouth
Anus
Blastopore develops into Blastopore develops into
mouth; anus forms later. anus; mouth forms later.
Figure 31-5c, p. 674
Segmentation
• Found in both protostomes and deuterostomes
– Not an ancestral character
• Repeated units of identical body parts
• Arises from mesoderm
– May also show in ectodermal and endodermal
structures
• Advantages
– Complete set of vital organs in each segment
• Can withstand damage to one segment
• Control/flexibility of movement (complete set of
independent muscles in each segment)
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