Download Saludos- Greetings Using your new sounds

11/20/2013
Medical Spanish Review Part I
November 20th, 2013
Course created and taught by Saturnino “Nino” Rodriguez, Ph.D
Saludos‐ Greetings
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Buenos días‐ Good morning
Buenas tardes‐ Good afternoon
Buenas noches‐ Good evening/ good night
Mucho gusto‐ Nice to meet you
Darse la mano‐ shake hands
Using your new sounds
• A (ahh) anemia alergia
asma
• E (ehh) edema epilepsia esquizofrenia
• I (eee) infección insomnio sífilis • O (ohh) vómito oxígeno doctor
• U (oo) Úlcera pus urticaria 1
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Práctica‐ Practice
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Señor, Señora
Mr., Mrs.
Señorita
Miss (Ms.)
¿Cómo está?
How are you?
Estoy bien, gracias. I am fine, thank you.
¿Y usted?
And you?
¿Cómo se llama?
What is your (his/her) name?
Me llamo….
My name is….
Soy la doctora Ramos I am doctor Ramos
Soy José, su enfermero I am José, your nurse. Mucho gusto
Nice to meet you
Nouns: gender and number
All nouns (person, place, or things) are either masculine or feminine. There is no method to determine logically to which gender they belong, but most nouns are derived from either Latin or Greek. A general rule of thumb is if the noun (thing) ends in –a, it is generally feminine. If the noun ends in –o it is generally masculine. Nouns: gender and number
The following are feminine nouns. They often end in –a and take the definite article la. La is the feminine form for the word the. ‐ La pastilla
‐ La casa
‐ La cerveza
‐ La venda
‐ La enfermera
‐ The pill
‐The house
‐ The beer
‐The bandage
‐The nurse
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Nouns: gender and number
The following nouns are masculine. They often end in –o and take the word or definite article el. El is the masculine form for the word the.
‐ El vaso
‐ The cup
‐El dinero
‐ The money
‐ El martillo
‐ The hammer
‐El termómetro
‐The thermometer
‐ El doctor
‐ The doctor
Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
• La = “the” feminine singular
• Las= “the” feminine plural
Feminine words generally end in –a. To form the plural, add –s.
La enfermera – Las enfermeras
‐La receta (prescription) ______________
‐La cerveza (beer) _______________
‐La medicina (medicine) ________________
‐ La venda ( bandage) _________________
Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
• El =“the” masculine singular
• Los = “the” masculine plural
Masculine words generally end in –o. To form the plural, add –s. el helado‐‐‐ los helados
‐el carro (car) _____________
‐el termómetro (thermometer) ______________
‐el gotero (dropper) __________________
‐el enfermero (nurse) ____________
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Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
If a noun ends in –e add –s to the form of the plural.
‐el paciente (patient)
‐la madre (mother)
‐el padre (father)
‐el nombre(name)
‐el trámite (paperwork, red tape)
‐la calle (street)
‐ _____ paciente____
‐ _____ madre_____
‐ _____ padre______
‐ _____nombre_____
‐_____trámite______
‐_____calle_______
Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
If a noun ends in a consonant, add –es to form the plural.
‐ La irritación‐‐‐‐‐ las irritaciones
‐La inyección (injection)
‐El pulmón (lung)
‐La infección (infection)
‐El frijol (bean)
‐La mujer (women)
‐____ inyeccion____
‐____pulmon_____
‐____infeccion____
‐____frijol_____
‐____mujer_____
Changing singular nouns to their plural form.
Indefinite articles also change to agree with nouns in number (singular or plural) and gender (feminine or masculine). Singular
Plural
Una =a, an, one (f.)
unas= some (f.)
Un = a, an, one (m.)
unos = some (m.)
Una enfermera ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unas enfermeras
Un doctor ‐‐‐‐‐‐ unos doctores
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What is this?‐‐ ¿Qué es esto?
Your Spanish‐speaking patients will generally be quite impressed with the fact that you speak or are learning their language. Therefore, you may wish to enlist their aid in broadening your knowledge. A good way to do so is to point to something and ask, with a smile and questioning look, ¿Qué es esto?
Vocabulario
¿Qué?
¿Quién?
¿Dónde?
¿Cuándo?
¿Cada Cuánto?
¿Cuántos? (‐a)?
¿Cuánto? (‐as)?
¿Cuántas veces?
¿Cómo?
¿Cuál?
¿Por qué?
What?
Who?
Where?
When?
How Often?
How much?
How many?
How many times?
How?
Which?
Why?
Ejercicio
Provide
Answers to the following questions in complete sentences.
1. ¿Qué necesita el paciente‐una receta o una básula?
• What does the patient need‐ a prescription or a scale?
2. ¿Dónde necesito la inyección, doctor, en el brazo o en el dedo?
• Where do I need the injection, doctor, in my arm or my finger?
3. ¿Cuándo necesito una inyección?
• When do I need an injection?
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Estar
• iVamos a aprender el verbo estar! Let’s learn the verb estar (“to be”)‐an indispensible verb for expressing states of being, illness, wellness, and existence in general. It is slightly irregular, but only in the yo form.
Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy
I am
• (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal)
_____________________________________
• (nosotros/as) estamos
We are
• (ellos, ellas Uds.) están
They are, you are (plural)
Estar is used for:
• Health
¿Cómo está Ud.?/Estoy enferma.
• How are you? I am sick.
• Location
El libro está en la mesa.
• The book is on the table.
¿Dónde está el doctor?
(Where is the doctor?)
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Práctica
• Substitute the correct form of the verb estar and finish the sentence.
• EJEMPLO Yo estoy enfermo
1. Nosotros_____________________
2. Ellos_________________________
3. Juan_________________________
4. Los pacientes__________________
5. Rafael y Armando_______________
Práctica
Provide possible answers in Spanish. (¡Favor de contestar en español!)
1. ¿Dónde está Ud. hoy ?
__________________________________________________
2. ¿Dónde está Lansing‐en Michigan o en California? ______________________________________________
3. ¿Dónde están los pacientes‐en el hospital o en la farmacia? ____________________________________________
4. ¿Estamos en la clínica o en la casa? _______________________
5. ¿Está en una cama o en una silla?__________________
Expressions with estar
denoting emotion and health.
Singular
• estar contento (‐a) 
• estar alegre 
• estar nervioso(‐a) 
Plural
• estar contentos(‐as) 
• estar alegres 
estar triste 
estar deprimido (‐a) 
estar tristes 
estar deprimidos (‐as) 
• estar emfermo (‐a) = no estar bien
• estar borracho (‐a) = tomar mucho licor o alcohol
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Cognates
Let’s now look at cognates, which are a tremendous ally for any healthcare professional who is learning Spanish. If you will recall, cognates are words that are very similar in two languages, often because they come from the same origin (for example, Latin or Greek). The following cognates are grouped by endings, and once you master the corresponding English and Spanish ending changes to the main root word (which is almost always the same in both languages), you’ll be astonished at how many Spanish medical terms you readily recognize.
Formation of Spanish words and their English equivalents
‐tion
‐ción (f.) These are always feminine in Spanish.
. constipation
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la constipación (el estreñimiento) recuperation la recuperación
sterilization
la esterilización
exception
la excepción
contraception la contracepción
LOS NÚMEROS 0 ‐ 29
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
cero
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
cinco
seis
siete
ocho
nueve
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
diez once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis
diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve 20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
veinte
veintiuno
veintidós
veintitrés
veinticuatro veinticinco
veintiséis
veintisiete
veintiocho
veintinueve
Notice the pattern for the numbers form 16 to 29: diez + seis = dieciséis;
Veinte + uno = veintiuno. Notice that 11 – 15 do not follow that pattern.
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LOS NÚMEROS 30 ‐ 50
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
treinta
treinta y uno
treinta y dos treinta y tres treinta y cuatro
treinta y cinco treinta y seis
treinta y siete treinta y ocho
treinta y nueve
40 41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
cuarenta
50
cuarenta y uno 51
cuarenta y dos 52
cuarenta y tres 53
cuarenta y cuatro 54
cuarenta y cinco 55
cuarenta y seis 56
cuarenta y siete 57
cuarenta y ocho 58
cuarenta y nueve 59
cincuenta
cincuenta y uno
cincuenta y dos
cincuenta y tres
cincuenta y cuatro cincuenta y cinco
cincuenta y seis
cincuenta y siete
cincuenta y ocho
cincuenta y nueve
Notice the pattern for the nunmbers over 30: treinta + uno = treinta y uno;
Cuarenta + dos = cuarenta y dos; cincuenta + tres = cincuenta y tres; etc.
LOS NÚMEROS 60 ‐ 89
60 sesenta
90 noventa
70 setenta
100 cien
80
ochenta
Do not confuse sixty and seventy. Notice that sesenta is
formed from seiS, with an s and setenta is formed form
sieTe, with a t.
Common symptoms
Since your patients come to see you with some
malady, you may want to learn some vocabulary
related to common symptoms. This will provide
you with the ability to ask probing questions in
Spanish in order to pinpoint more information
concerning the chief complaints. (“Complaints”
is used in the plural here because there will
almost certainly be more than just one, which
may well be a cross‐cultural phenomenon).
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¿Se siente…? Do you feel. . .?/ ¿Está…? Are you. . .?
Me siento. . .I feel . . ./Estoy…I am
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Mal
Alegre
Inflamado(‐a)
Deprimido(‐a)
Débil
Cansado(‐a)
Confundido(‐a)
Constipado(‐a)
bad
triste
sad
happy
mareado(‐a)dizzy
inflamed
agotado(‐a) exhausted
depressed incómodo(‐a) uncomfortable
weak
enfermo(‐a) sick
tired
nervioso(‐a) nervous
confused estreñido constipated
stuffed‐up nasally (congested)
Doctor‐patient relationship
• In order to establish a stronger, trusting doctor‐patient relationship, the Hispanic patient would experience less stress if the doctor would do the following:
• Shake hand and introduce him‐ or herself.
• Try to pronounce the patient’s name (nombre) and surnames (apellidos) correctly.
Doctor‐patient relationship
• Attempt to speak some Spanish, even if only a few initial courtesy phrases.
• Sit down for a moment with the patient to inquire about the family, the children, and how the patient has been feeling in general lately, etc. Even through the doctor may be pressed for time, this initial conversation smoothes the way for more open dialogue and a more relaxed patient, allowing the remainder of the interview to be conducted more easily.
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Ser: to be
• (yo ) soy
I am
• (él, ella) es
He/she/it is
• (Ud.) es
You are (formal)
_______________________________________
• (nosotros/as) somos We are
• (ellos/ellas) son
They are
• (Uds.) son
You are
Ejercicio
Practiquémos con la forma de ser.
Ejemplo: Yo soy médico .
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1. Usted______________________________.
2.Ellos________________________________.
3.Ella ________________________________.
4. Mi hermano ________________________.
5. Nosotros ________________________.
Ser vs. Estar
• Here we can compare both forms of the verb “to be” (ser and estar) . Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usage.
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Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy
I am
• (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (formal)
_____________________________________
• (nosotros/as estamos) We are
• (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar
Indicates temporary states or conditions.
2. Position or location:
¿Dónde está la blusa (blouse)?
• La blusa está en la sala de operaciones.
• The blouse is in the operating room. 1. Health (emotional and physical):
¿Cómo están Juan y María?
How are Juan and María?
• Están enfermos.
• They are sick.
Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics.
1. Color
• ¿De qué color es la blusa?
• Es blanca
2 Size:
• Los cuartos son pequeños.
3. Possession:
• La blusa es de María.
4. Origin and nationality
• Juan es de México. • Tú y yo somos mexicanos.
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Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics
5. Religion:
La familia Sánchez es católica.
6. Profession:
Elisa es doctora.
7. Time:
¿Qué hora es?
Son las seis.
Ejercicio: Practiquémos la forma de ser o estar!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rosa _______________ católica.
La aguja (needle)______en la mesa.
Pedro_______________ enfermo.
Marcela_____________ de méxico. El señor Ruiz __________médico.
¿Dónde_______________la biblioteca?
Hoy__________miércoles, el 1 de octubre.
Telling time
Las horas
Las horas
The time
¿Qué hora es?
What time is it?
¿Qué horas son?
What time is it ?
temprano
early
siempre
always
tarde
late
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Hora
Es la una
Son las diez y veinte
Son las dos
Es la una y quince
Son las cuatro y diez
Son las siete y media
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of adjective: quantitative and qualitative. Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the noun they describe. In Spanish the quantitative adjectives are placed before the noun; are other adjectives are generally placed after the noun. Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine)
• Ramona toma un vino bueno y frío
(masculine)
– Roma drinks a good and cold wine.
• Ramón toma medicina buena y fría. (feminine)
– Ramon takes good and cold medicine.
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Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun in number (singular and plural)
Nacho compra medicinas frescas y económicas. (feminine plural)
‐ Nacho buys fresh and economic medicines.
Maria necesita medicamentos buenos y económicos. (masculine plural)
‐ Maria needs good and economic medicine. Adjectives ending in ‐e or most consonants don’t change to reflect gender. Adjectives ending in ‐or add –a to the ending for the feminine form.
Un doctor masculino
Una doctora
femenino
Simpático
Interesante
Trabajador
simpática
interesante
trabajadora
If an adjective is used to modify a plural noun or more than one noun, it must be used in its plural form.
To create the plural of an adjective ending in a vowel, add –s. To create the plural of an adjective ending in a consonant, add –es.
To create the plural of an adjective ending in ‐
or, add –es to the masculine form and –as to the feminine form.
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El doctor simpático
azul
trabajador
Los doctores
simpáticos
azules
trabajadores
Las doctoras
simpáticas
azules
trabajadoras
As with articles and subjects pronouns, adjectives
that apply to mixed groups of males and females
use the masculine form. Qualifying Adjectives
Los colores
Colors
Rojo (‐a)
Negro (‐a)
Amarillo (‐a)
Azul
Rosa
Blanco (‐a)
Verde
Morado (‐a)
Café
red
black
yellow
blue
pink
white
green
purple
brown
Ejercicio
El ojo está rojo.
Your eye is red.
La cara está amarilla.
Your face is yellow.
La lengua está roja.
Your tongue is red.
La cara ______________. La lengua___________.
Las manos____________. Los labios__________.
El cuello______________. Las orejas__________.
La nariz_______________. Los dientes_________.
La barbilla_____________. El cabello___________.
La frente______________. La boca____________.
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More qualifying adjectives
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alto (a)
Bajo (a)
Rápido (a)
Lento (a)
Irregular
Normal
Gordo (a)
Delgado (a)
Flaco (a)
Rubio (a)
Moreno (a)
Oscuro (a)
Pequeño (a)
Grande
high, tall
low, short
fast
slow
irregular
normal, regular
fat
thin, slim
skinny
blond, light
dark skin color
dark
little, small
big, large
Hay
One of the most useful words in Spanish is hay, which means both “there is” and “there are,” “is there?” and “are there?”. You don’t have to learn any endings or make any changes.
Hay There is Hay una tableta There is one tablet.
There are Hay tres tabletas. There are three tablets.
¿Hay? Is there? ¿Hay una tableta? Is there a tablet?
Are there?
¿Hay tabletas? Are there tablets?
¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta?
How much
¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas?
How many
• ¿Cuántas pastillas hay?
• EJEMPLO: Hay dos pastillas
1. _______________________________. (5)
2. ________________________________. (15)
3. ________________________________. (75)
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• First, let’s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word “to” and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on.
However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either –ar, ‐er, or –ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word “to”.
To conjugate an –ar verb: drop the –ar ending.
Tomar‐ the ending = tom
Take the stem tom and add:
•
•
•
•
(yo)
(él, ella, Ud.)
(nosotros/as)
(ellos, ellas, Uds.)
tomO
tomA
tomAMOS
tomAN
I
drink
he, she,you (formal) drinks
we
drink
they (m., f.), you (pl) drink
________________________________________
Hablar, caminar, estudiar
Take any regular –ar verb, drop the –ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense:
‐o
‐amos
‐a
‐an
Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente)
Hablar (to speak)
(yo) habl___
(él) habl_______
(ella) habla______
(Ud.) habl_______
(nosotros) habl_________
(ellos) habl_______
(ellas) habl______
(Uds.) habl_______
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Common –ar verbs
‐ Caminar
‐to walk ‐ Preguntar
‐ to ask
‐ Comprar
‐ Defecar
‐ Descansar
‐ Hablar
‐ Lavar
‐ Llamar
‐Orinar
‐ to buy
‐ to defecate
‐ to rest
‐ to talk
‐ to wash
‐ to call
‐ to urinate
‐ Recetar
‐Regresar
‐Respirar
‐Sacar
‐to prescribe
‐to return
‐to breathe
‐ to take out, to take
(i.e. Xrays)
‐ to touch
‐ to vomit
‐ to visit
‐ Tocar
‐Vomitar
‐ Visitar
Necesitar
Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let’s look at the verb necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important –ar verbs.
Necesitar
• ¿Qué necesita?‐ What do you need?
• While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question, this is an effective way to learn how to use regular –ar verbs in a simple and somewhat painless manner. ∙ Nosotros/as necesitamos
•
Yo necesito
•
El/ella/Ud. Necesita
•
•
•
•
•
•
Necesito un gotero, por favor. I need a dropper, please.
Necesito una receta, por favor.
I need a prescription, please.
Necesito….
I need
Necesita….
You need…
¿Necesita?
Do you need?
¿Qué necesita?
What do you need?
∙Ellos/ellas/Uds necesitan
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Necesitar
• Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as “do”, “does”, “did”, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask:
• “Do you need….?”, just as “¿Necesita? In an inquiring tone, which literally means, “Need?” (both the words “do” and “you” are understood). • “What do you need?, just say “¿Qué necesita? Or, literally, “What need?” (“You” is understood from the –a ending.)
Necesitar
Continued:
• “What do I need”, just say ¿Qué necesito?” or, literally, “What need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
• “Where do I need….?, “ just say “¿Dónde
necesito….?” Or, literally, “Where need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
Tomar
• “What pills do you take…..?,” just say ¿Qué
pastillas toma….?” Or, literally, “What pills take?”
• “When do I take…..?,” just say ¿Cuándo
tomo….?” Or, literally, “When take?”
• “How many do I take?,” just say ¿Cuántos (as) tomo? Or, literally, “How many take?
• “How many pills do you take?,” just say ¿Cuántas
pastillas toma?”
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Necesitar + Infinitive
There is another extremely helpful use of the verb “to need.” With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example:
Necesito tomar su temperatura
Necesito examinar su oído
Necesito recetar medicina
I need to take your temperature. I need to examine your ear.
I need to prescribe medicine.
Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, “I need”) and the second verb remains “untouched” in its infinitive form (examinar, “to examine”). Therefore, “I need to examine” becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying “I need I examine.”)
Necesitar + Infinitive
Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Necesito escuchar los pulmones
Necesito examinar su brazo.
(Usted) necesita tomar su medicina.
Necesita cuidar la infección.
Necesita regresar en dos semanas.
Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. Necesito pesarle.
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Práctica
Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.)
• 1. I need to examine your ear. _______________________________________________________________.
• 2. I need to take your pulse. ______________________________________________________________.
• 3. I need to prescribe pills. ______________________________________________________________.
• 4. You need to take your medicine. ______________________________________________________________.
• 5. You need to examine your breast at home. ______________________________________________________________.
• 6. You need to drink a lot of fluids (liquids). ______________________________________________________________.
The Latino Patient
Within the Hispanic culture the extended family plays an extremely important role. The Hispanic family tends to be very close‐knit. A patient may often be accompanied by other family members for moral support, due to cariño (affection), or merely out of habit. The “Anglo” healthcare professional may feel somewhat overwhelmed by this, perhaps even somewhat defensive or frustrated, but there is no need to feel so. It is fairly customary. 22