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East and Southeast Asia Chp. 27, 28, 29, 30 China • China is the most populous country in the world. • 40% of China is covered with mountain ranges. • The Plateau of Tibet lies between the Himalayas and the Kunlun Shan. • The plains and river valleys are the most populous areas of the country. • The Gobi desert extends from north central China into Mongolia. (Gobi means “waterless place” • The Asian monsoon season influences climate in the area. • China has diverse animal life (wild horses, bears, camels, wolves, pandas, antelope, and the Chinese alligator. • China has huge amounts of energy and mineral resources. Chinese Alligator and Panda Gobi Desert Tibet China • The Chinese have the longest known continual history of any culture (6000B.C.) • The Qin (Ch’in) were the 1st imperial dynasty (this is where China gets its name) • During the Han dynasty art, military strength and culture grew like never before. • After the Han dynasty several warlords split the country. • Unity was restored under the Sung and T’ang dynasties • but was destroyed again when Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded and controlled the area until 1279. Genghis Khan China • For centuries the main contact China had with the outside world was the Silk Road. • Rebels overthrew the last Chinese dynasty in 1912 and formed the Republic of China. • After World War II the Nationalist (socialist) and the Communist fought for control of China. • The Communist won under the leadership of Mao Zedong (Tse-Tung) and the People’s Republic of China was set up. • The Nationalist retreated to the island of Taiwan and set up the Republic of China there. • To this day China does not recognize Taiwan independence. Communist China • Under Mao Zedong all private land was seized and farmers were organized into collectives. • During the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Mao’s followers tried to rid China of people they considered enemies or critics. – 100 Day Flower Campaign • Mao’s programs were a disaster because of poor planning and other problems. Mao Zedong (Tse-Tung) Mao and his “red guards” Chinese Culture • There are many Chinese dialects spoken. • Chinese writing consist of pictograms. • Buddhism and Taoism are the main religions. • Confucianism is based on the teaching of Confucius a Chinese philosopher. • It centers around family ,loyalty ,duty, and education. China Today • China has 1.3 billion people living there. (one and five people on Earth live in China) • Due to the huge population the government enforces one-child family policy. • Southern China is the most productive economically. • Large population of China lives in the South. • North Eastern China includes the three provinces that used to be known as Manchuria. (oil and mineral resources are plentiful here) China Today • Northern China is where the Chinese culture first developed. • Beijing, China’s capital, is located in Northern China. * Hong Kong is a major seaport and international trading center. • Western China is made up of mostly irrigation farmers and herders. • Xizang is the official Chinese name for the region of Tibet China Population Density Map Tiananmen Square Beijing, China Shanghai, China China • China has occupied Tibet for many years. • The citizens of Tibet, mostly Buddhist monks under the leadership of the Dalai Lama, worry that China will influence their nation away from its traditions. • China has oppressed the citizens their in an attempt to acclimate them into communism. Tibetan Monastery Mongolia • Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world. • Mongolia has natural resources in coal, copper and iron but water is short supply. • Before 1990 Mongolia was under the influence of the Soviet Union. • Its landlocked nation limits its opportunity. • The Great Wall of China is along the southern edge of Mongolia (protected China from Mongols) Great Wall of China Taiwan • Taiwan is one of Asia’s richest and most industrialized countries. (export computers and scientific instrumentation) • Their per capita GDP is five times that of China. • 2 million Chinese Nationalist, who escaped mainland China after the Communist took over, settled in Taiwan in 1949. • The Chinese National controlled Taiwan under martial law for 38 years. • China claims Taiwan is still a province China. • Taiwan claims to be the true government of China. • This creates tensions in the area, but the two countries do have economic links. Downtown Taipei, Taiwan Japan and the Koreas • Four main islands and thousands of smaller ones make up Japan. • Four main Japanese Islands: – Hokkaido – Honshu • • • • - Shikoku - Kyushu 70% of Japan is made up of mountains and volcanoes. This area is a hotbed of tectonic and volcanic activity Japan has nearly 200 volcanoes (Ring of Fire). Earthquakes also create tsunamis (waves that travel 100s of miles an hour) • Korea lies on a 600 mile long peninsula west of Japan. • North Korea and South Korea occupy the peninsula. • The monsoon season greatly influences all three countries climates. Japan and The Koreas Mount. Fuji Japan • Japan’s early inhabitants were the Ainu (I-NOO) • Korea’s early people came from northern lands central Asia. • In 108 BC China invaded Korea and this created a strong Chinese influence on their culture. • Both China and Korea have greatly influenced Japan’s culture. • In the late 1100’s AD shoguns became the dominant powers in Japan. • They ruled over wealthy landowners called daimyo, who were protected by private warriors known as samurai. • The political system was similar to European feudalism Japanese daimyo (Oda Nobunaga ) Japanese Samurai Samurai armor Traditional Chinese arranged marriage Japan • In 1868, a group of samurai demanded reforms and overthrew the last shogun. • The restored an emperor to power and this became known as the Meji (enlightened rule) Restoration • By 1890 Japan had a constitution and parliament due to the emperor’s reforms. • In 1910 Japan annexed Korea. • By 1940 Japan had invaded China and signed an alliance with Nazi Germany. • They fought for the Axis powers in WWII. • After WWII Japan set up a democratic government with a lawmaking body called a Diet. • Japan began to rebuild with large amounts of aid from the US The dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki The Koreas • Japan lost control of Korea at the end of WWII. • The US and the USSR divided up Korea along the 38th parallel. – North Korea became communist – South Korea became the Republic of Korea. • In 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean war. • The UN sent in troops (most from the US) to drive the North Koreans back. • China sent in troops to help North Korea. • Eventually the US drives the North Koreans back and a truce is signed in 1953. • Today a strip of land called a demilitarized zone separates the two countries. Japan and the Koreas • A combination of Buddhism and Shintoism dominates Japan today. • Shinto centers around kami (sprits of natural places, sacred animals and ancestors) • Christianity is the major religion of South Korea. • Communist North Korea forbids religious worship Korean Court Dancers Japan and the Koreas Culture • Japan has 127 million people and is about the size of California (869 people per square mile) • Honshu is the largest and most densely populated island. • The Koreas are also densely populated. – 81% of South Koreans live in the city – 60% of North Koreans live in the city Korea and Japan’s main food is rice. Japan and South Korea have highly developed education systems. Family is of central importance the Koreas. Japan and the Koreas today • Despite modern influences traditional culture is important to these regions. • Japan began a rapid economic growth after 1950 and continues to be successful. • Japan had an export economy (goods are made mainly for export.) – Tokyo is the capital of Japan – Seoul is the capital of South Korea – Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea • Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world and life expectancy is high. A tea ceremony (chanoyu). Japan’s Monorail Kyoto, Japan Osaka, Japan The two Koreas • Though the two Koreas share a common culture their political and economic development is quite different. • South Korea has 16 times the GDP of North Korea. • North Korea is isolated under strict communist dictatorship (Kim Jung II is president of North Korea.) • Outside of the capital of North Korea most its citizens live in poverty. • South Korea is a democratic country with most of citizens in the middle class. • South Korea is one of the “Asian Tigers” (a term used to describe Asian countries that have experienced rapid economic growth.) • South Korea is the world’s leading shipbuilder. An infiltration tunnel from North Korea going to South Gate to Seoul, Korea Tokyo’s thermonuclear power plant. Seoul, Korea The Lotus Pool Pavilion (Hyangwonjong) in Seoul Hyundai Shipyard in Korea Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia has 3 main landform regions – Mountain Ranges (Himalayas) – Plains and low plateaus (Thailand and Cambodia) – River Valleys and deltas • Four major rivers flow southward from Asia’s mountainous interior. – – – – Irrawaddy (empties into the Bay of Bengal) The Choa Phraya (flows into Gulf of Thailand) The Mekong (Longest River, flows into South China Sea,) The Hong (known as Red River flows into Gulf of Tonkin) • The valleys of these rivers have fertile alluvial soils, which support dense populations of farmlands. • All of mainland Southeast Asia has a tropical or subtropical climate. Southeast Asia • This area receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season. • Many floods occur during this time. • There is a wide variety of wildlife in this region; new species are still being discovered. • There are many arboreal, or tree dwelling animals, such as monkeys in this area. Thailand - Crocodile Southeast Asia History • People from southern china began to migrate to Southeast Asia at least 2,500 years ago. • Southeast Asia was an important center for plant domestication (rice, citrus fruits, and bananas) • The largest highly developed culture group of the area was the Khmer (kuh-MER). • They dominated what is now Cambodia around 800AD. • Hinduism, introduced from India, was the main religion in the area until the 1200’s when Buddhism replaced it. Southeast Asia History • The Portuguese came to the area in the early 1500’s. • Eventually most of the area was colonized. – Burma (now Myanmar) became a British colony. – The French controlled Indochine, or French Indochina. (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.) • The Japanese invaded the area during WWII, only parts of Burma were free of their control. • Eventually the region will gain independence, however the switch was not easy. The British taking Burma French Indochina 1883 Southeast Asia History • Vietnam gains independence from France in 1954 after years of fighting. • A peace settlement divided Vietnam into two parts. – >North Vietnam had a communist government, with its capital in Hanoi. – >South Vietnam had a pro western government with its capital in Saigon. • Communist groups in North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in an attempt to control it. • The United States joined South Vietnam in trying to defend its country in 1964. Southeast Asia History • In 1975 the US completely withdrew and the North Vietnamese took Saigon. • More than 1 million South Vietnamese tried to escape the Communist take over. • Many eventually settled in the countries of the United States, Australia and France. • What followed was a long bloody war with 58,000 American lives lost and 2 million Vietnamese lives lost. • Today the only two communist countries in South East Asia are Vietnam and Laos. Vietnamese refuges detained in Cambodia 1970’s Vietnam War Memorial in Washington DC Southeast Asian Culture • Mainland Southeast China has three main language groups. – Sino-Tibetan (Myanmar) – Thai family (Thailand and Laos) – Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese and Khmer) • Christianity and Islam are present in the region but most people practice Buddhism. • Most Vietnamese practice a mix of Confucianism. • Rice is the most important food through out the area, however American fast food can be found in major cities • Buddhism plays a large role in everyday life. >Men often spend time working in monasteries. >Many holidays and festivals originate from the religion. Confucius Southeast Asia Today • The countries of Southeast Asia have different levels of development: • Laos and Cambodia are very poor and underdeveloped • Myanmar is rich in resources but its militaristic government has kept the countries people and economy isolated. • Both Laos and Vietnam have communist governments and have been trying to integrate capitalist features. • Thailand is the area’s leading economic power. • Thailand has a constitutional monarchy Home in Thailand Southeast Asia Today • All of these countries are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). • Its purpose is to promote economic development and cooperation between the Southeast Asian countries. • Most of the people in this region live in rural areas. • With more than 7 million people Bangkok (Thailand’s capital) is the largest city in mainland Southeast Asia. • Bangkok has more than 400 wats (or Buddhist temples) Bangkok Thailand Southeast Asia Today • Ho Chi Minh City (formally Saigon) is Vietnam’s biggest city. • Myanmar’s largest city is its capital Yangon (also called Rangoon). • Agriculture plays a central role in the economy of all the countries. • Paddy farming (flooded fields) is particularly successful in areas with good water resources. • Thailand and Vietnam are the world’s two leading exporters of rice. • In Myanmar, Laos and Thailand some people grow opium in the rugged mountains. • This illegal crop is used to make heroin and exported to various developed countries. Rice plantation in Thailand Rice paddy in Laos Paddy Plowing Thailand Opium Field Southeast Asia issues • Corruption and dictatorial governments have caused serious problems for most of the region. – From 1975 to 1979 the communist government (Khmer Rouge) in Cambodia tries to make a peasant society by wiping out intellectuals and skilled workers. 1 million Cambodians were killed. – Since 1962 Myanmar has been under a military government that tolerates no diversity from their own view. – The communist governments of Vietnam and Laos have been slow to move in market economies. – Thailand, though prosperous, has had a large problem with an illegal slave trade. – Drug traffic is an unresolved issue. Khmer Rouge Refugees Islands of South East Asia • Islands of South East Asia are: – Malaysia (Singapore) – Philippines (Manila) – Indonesia (Jakarta) • Mostly a humid sub-tropical area • There are over 20,000 islands in South East Asia. • The largest island of Southeast Asia is New Guinea. Petronas Twin Towers Malaysia Philippines