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BOATING SKILLS AND SEAMANSHIP Lesson 12 Weather & Boating Approved by DC-E USCG AuxA, Inc Lesson Objective • • • • • • What Causes Weather Wind, Waves, And Weather Recognizing Signs Of Change Weather And Clouds The Signs Of Bad Weather & What To Avoid Where To Get Weather Info 2 Weather & Heat • Sun Heats Earth & Air • Warm Air Rises – Creates Low Pressure • Cooler Upper Air Falls – Creates High Pressure • Air Flows From Highs Toward Lows – Creates Wind • Greater The Pressure Difference – Stronger The Wind 3 Heat & Humidity • Warm Air Can Hold More Moisture Than Cold Air • Relative Humidity – The Amount Of Moisture In Air, Compared To The Maximum Amount It Could Hold At That Temperature • Cooling Air To Its Dew Point Creates 100% Relative Humidity And Moisture Condenses Out 4 Land & Water • Water Gains Heat Slower Than Land • Water Loses Heat Slower Than Land • Daytime – Land Warmer Than Water • Air Warms, Rises Over Land And Air Flows In From Sea – Sea Breeze • Nighttime – Water Warmer Than Land • Air Warms, Rises Over Water And Air Flows From Land to Sea – Land Breeze 5 Wind Patterns North Pole Equator 6 Buys-Ballot’s Law Present Surface Wind Stand with back to surface wind Turn Right 45o Low Pressure is on left 7 Coriolis Force • Northern Hemisphere – Earth’s Rotation Causes Any Air Motion To Bend To The Right – Air Moving Down & Out Of A High Pressure Area • Bends To The Right Causing A Clockwise Motion – Air Rushing Into A Low Pressure Area • Rises, Bends To The Left 8 Circulation of Air Circulation Of Air Down, Out & Clockwise around High Toward & Up Counterclockwise around lows 9 Wind & Waves • Swells – Dying Waves A Long Way From Source • Breakers – Waves Nearing Shore – Caused By: • Shallow Water Slowing Bottom Of Wave, Top Then Spills Over & Breaks 10 Wind & Waves • Wave Height Depends On – Wind Strength – Wind Duration – Fetch (Long & Short) Buffalo Lake Erie Toledo 11 Wave Height • Seas 3 to 5 Feet Means – 15% Of Waves Over 5’ – 15% Of Waves Under 3’ – 70% Of Waves 3’ to 5’ 12 Fronts • Defined As Zone Between Two Different Air Masses • Differences In: – Temperature – Humidity – Wind – Direction & Speed – Air Pressure 13 Cold Fronts • • • • Air Cooler Behind Than Ahead Fast Moving Can Create Violent Weather When Passes – Pressure Rises Abruptly – Temperature Falls – Relative Humidity Decreases – Wind Shifts Direction 14 Cold Fronts 15 Warm Fronts • • • • • • Air Warmer Behind Than Ahead Slow Moving Non-Violent Weather Nighttime Fog Frequent Can Have Long Periods Of Rain When Passes • Little Pressure Change • Little Temperature Change 16 Warm Front 17 Cloud Identification • Cumulus – Fluffy, White, Fair Weather Clouds – May Grow To Cumulonimbus • Stratus – Layered • Nimbo/Nimbus – Rain Clouds 18 Cloud Families • High - Cirriform – Cirrus, Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus • Mostly Ice – No Precipitation • Middle - Alto – Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus • Mostly Water • Low – Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus • Mostly Water 19 High Clouds • Cirrus – Mares’ Tails • Cirrocumulus – Mackerel Scales • Cirrostratus – Like A Sheet Or Veil 20 Cirrus (Ci) “Mare’s tails “ 21 Cirrocumulus (Cc) 22 Middle Clouds • Altostratus – Mid-level, Layered • Altocumulus – Cumulus Clouds Gathered In Layers • Cumulonimbus – Rain Clouds – May Develop Into Thunderheads (Towering Cumulus) 23 Cumulus Family • Cumulus – Summer Afternoon Cotton Balls – Generally No Precipitation Unless Building • Towering Cumulus – Building Cumulus – Deep Layer Of Unstable Air – Thundershowers Can Result • Cumulonimbus – Thunderhead/Thunderstorm Cloud 24 Cumulus 25 Towering Cumulus (Tcu) 26 Cumulonimbus (Cb) 27 Altocumulus (Ac) 28 Low Clouds • Stratus – Low Layers Of Solid Cloud Cover • Nimbostratus – Rain Clouds – Intermittent Or Steady Rain 29 Stratocumulus (Sc) 30 Stratus (St) 31 Turbulence In Cumulonimbus Cloud 32 Stages Of A Thunderstorm 33 Thunderstorms In A Squall Line 34 Lightning • Cause – Friction Of Raindrops & Ice Particles In Thunderstorms Creates Electrical Charge • Distant Lightning – Heard As Static In AM Radios – More Frequent The Static, The More Severe The Storm 35 Tornado 36 Funnel Clouds 37 Waterspout 38 Fog • Radiation – Clear Sky – Little Or No Wind – Small Temp – Dew Point Spread – Burns Off In Morning • Advection – Sea Fog – Needs Light Winds – Up To 15 MPH – Warm Moist Air Moving Over A Colder Body – Long Lasting 39 Fog 40 Weather Information • • • • • • Radio Television Newspapers Telephone NOAA Weather Radio Stations Pennants, Flags, Lights 41 Tropical Weather • Classifications – Tropical Depression • Wind Up To 34 Knots – Tropical Storm • Wind 35 - 64 Knots – Hurricane • Wind 65 Knots Or More • Other Names For Hurricanes – Typhoon – Cyclone – Willy-Willy 42 Hurricane Tracks 43 SUMMARY (1) • • • • • Heat & Weather Global Air Circulation Wind & Boating Highs & Lows Frontal Weather 44 SUMMARY (2) • • • • • Clouds & Weather Thunderstorms Fog Tropical Weather Sources Of Weather Information 45