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RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST and THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST;
A COMPARISON between TWO LEGENDARY TESTS
I.
INTRODUCTION
In psychology, there is a common way called ‘projective technique/ test’ which is used to
evaluate an individual’s personality. Among of the tests using this technique are The
Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test which has been famous among
clinical professionals (Watkins et al., 1995). Both tests have some similar things as its
strength, as well as have some weaknesses if we compare one another. Many critiques
come up over the decades to both tests, yet, with some reasons and for some purposes,
these tests is still being used until present day.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective psychological test consisting of 10 inkblots printed
on the cards in which five of the cards were printed in black and white while the other five
were printed in colors. This projective test was created by Hermann Rorschach in 1921. The
subject of the test should respond to the inkblots and all responses are being recorded
verbatim. The rationale behind the test is that the responses provided by the subject who
suffer from mental illness will be markedly different than the responses provided by normal
people. This can be detected through the scoring system where all the responses will be
marked and scored by coding like W for the whole inkblot response, D for larger detail, F for
form of the inkblot, and C for response using color(s).There is a standard norm in which
normal people usually includes in, hence, responses out of the norm will be indicated
differently and might be highlight as something to be concerned that might lead
psychologist interpret this sign as a mental illness.
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test that measure or evaluate personal
pattern of thought, attitudes, observational capacity, and emotional responses toward the
test material. The test material itself is a set of cards that represent human figures in a
variety of circumstances. The test works as like this example; instead of telling a story as
asked by the tester/ examiner, a subject of the test had made a comment about the artistic
style of the picture portrayed or mentioned that he or she hate the picture; this is a way of
avoiding something he or she anxious about.The reason behind, the gestures, and the
expression of the subject that came up during the session will be considered as a valuable
information strengthen the interpretation.This test was developed at the first time by Henry
Murray, Christina Morgan, and their colleagues at the Harvard Psychological Clinic, in 1935.
IDENTIFICATION of PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAIT
Using both tests, psychologists may have a profile description that describe variety of
individual’s traits or characteristics such anxiety, sex orientation, cognitive process,
intellectual, predictive behavior, etc. This essay will only be focusing on the anxiety as the
topic of the pre-discussion. Refers to the American Psychological Association, anxiety is an
emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes like
increased blood pressure. People with anxiety disorders usually have recurring intrusive
thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry. They may also have
physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, dizziness or a rapid heartbeat. (Kazdin,
2000).With regards to the tests, both Rorschach and TAT can help psychologist to evaluate
the personality of the subject or individu, includes indicating the anxiety that exists on a
person.
Discussing anxiety could reffer to the some theories of psychology as explained on a journal
by Strongman (1995). In this paper, theories of personality are categorized into;
psychoanayitic, learning/ behavioural, physiological, phenomenological/ existential,
cognitive, and those concerned with uncertainty (Strongman, 1995). Rorscach and TAT will
be best discussed using psychoanalytic perspective, because, both tests were developed
using the projective technique which is a part of psychoanalytic flow. The flow presumes
that the anxiety appears due to the activities of unconscious mind/ conflicts. A research
done by University of Michigan Health System shows that “Data from the experiment
showing that subliminal exposure to words related to a person's unconscious conflict,
followed by supraliminal exposure to words related to their anxiety symptoms, led to
different alpha wave patterns compared with other scenarios.” A link between unconscious
conflicts and conscious anxiety disorder symptoms have been shown, lending empirical
support to psychoanalysis (University of Michigan Health System, 2012).
How Rorscach measures a subject’s anxiety is by using a blot shading that printed on the
cards and shown to the subject. For example, a subject is being showed one of the black
and white Rorschach cards, then he/ she says that the inkblot looks like a king of the
darkness who is going to catch him up and other similar responses. Darkness and cath up on
the sentence represent a feeling of anxiety from the subject. However, Charles Neuringer
on his journal – Manifestation of the Anxiety on Rorschach Test - stated that the
manifestation of the anxiety on the Rorschach Test is quitely poor (Neuringer, 1962). There
is not any reasonable, empirically supported reason to use the Rorschach as atool to assist
in the diagnosis of any anxiety disorder (Lack & Thomason, 2015).
TAT is a projective test in that, like the Rorschach test, its assessment of the subject is based
on what he or she projects onto the ambiguous images. As people taking the TAT proceed
through the various story cards and tell stories about the pictures, they reveal their
expectations of relationships with peers, parents or other authority figures, subordinates,
and possible romantic partners. a person who is made anxious by a certain picture may
make comments about the artistic style of the picture, or remark that he or she does not
like the picture; this is a way of avoiding telling a story about it (Frey, 2015). Though in fact
this test is still commonly being used by professionals, but, according to Lack & Thomason
(2015), TAT has some limited empirical support in assessing for personality disorder and
achievement motives when using particular scoring system. In none of this systems,
however, has evidence shown it to be a useful tool to measure cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral symptoms of any anxiety disorder (Lack & Thomason, 2015).
Base on the short explanation above, we can say that both tests indicate an anxiety that
exists in a person through the dictions or the sentences they use.
However, compare to Rorschach, TAT has a better way to figure out someone’s anxiety.
Apart from the verbal responses, TAT also put much more attention to other signs exhibited
by a person on a test like subject’s manner, gestures, vocal tone, and emotional responses
to a particular story picture (card). By doing so, a tester which is psychologist may gather a
comprehensive information for them to make a more acceptable interpretation.
PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES
Although the tests are beneficial, but, there are also psychometric issues on utilizing both.
First, as Hermann Rorschach did not make it clear where he got the idea from the test, it is
difficult for scientist to accept and lay down their thoughts on something that has no strong
foundation for the thinking behind.
While for TAT, the cultural, gender, and race are the important issues of using this test. As
the pictures printed on the cards show some scene of human’s activities, people will
respond differently based on their background either the educational, social, and cultural.
The similar thought is also applied in terms of gender issue where a portrait could result
different stories depends on who the subject is (male or female). For example, the card
labeled 6GF shows a younger woman who is seated turning toward a somewhat older man
who is standing behind her and smoking a pipe. Most male subjects do not react to this
picture as implying aggressiveness, but most female subjects regard it as a very aggressive
picture, with unpleasant overtones of intrusiveness and danger. Many researchers consider
the gender difference in responses to this card as a reflection of the general imbalance in
power between men and women in the larger society (Frey, 2015).
Race is another issue related to the TAT story cards. The original story cards, which were
created in 1935, all involved Caucasian figures (Frey, 2015). It is being a matter when the
subjects of the test are coming from different races. However, newer sets of TAT cards have
been created in which the cards introduced figures representing a wider variety of races
and ethnic groups. As of 2002, however, it is not clear whether a subject's ability to identify
with the race of the figures in the story cards improves the results of a TAT assessment
(Frey, 2015).
The second issue is related to the present form of both tests that we can find easily on the
internet. As the digital technology has been touching almost all aspects of human being, it
embraces the field of Psychology too where one of the application is creating a digital form
of both tests. Though the result can be produced but there is still a skeptical issue
accompanies due to the lack of other psychological signs that should be observed either for
the better understanding of a subject. A recent subject of controversy in TAT interpretation
concerns the use of computers to evaluate responses. While computers were used initially
only to score tests with simple yes/no answers, they were soon applied to interpretation of
projective measures. A computerized system for interpreting the Rorschach was devised as
early as 1964. As of 2002, there are no computerized systems for evaluating responses to
the TAT; however, users of the TAT should be aware of the controversies in this field.
Computers have two basic limitations for use with the TAT: the first is that they cannot
observe and record the subject's vocal tone, eye contact, and other aspects of behavior that
a human examiner can note. Second, computers are not adequate for the interpretation of
unusual subject profiles (Frey, 2015).
Third, since both tests are being used to describe a personality, the result shall provide a
wide-ranging of someone’s personality rather than be specified on one or two traits like
anxiety. Lack & Thomason (2015) had conclude on their journal and stated that, “Finally, a
thourough review of the evidence does not support the routine usage of any projective
measures in the assessment of anxiety symptoms or diagnostic construct. While certain
measures has been useful in measuring overall adjustment (RISB), psychotic disorder
(Rorschach), ego development (WUSCT), and personality disorder (TAT), distruptive
behavior and mood disorder (global figure drawing score), none have consistently been
demonstrated to be diagnostically useful for the assessment of anxiety, either alone or in
addition to other measures.
II.
CENTRAL SECTION (PSYCHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC)
Both the Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are using projective
technique to administer it. Projective technique is a technique that let a person give
response(s) to ambigous stimuli which probably revealing hidden emotions and internal
conflicts projected by that person in to the test. The origins of this technique was coming
from psychoanalityc which mentioned that humans have conscious and unconscious
thinking, attitudes, and motivations that are beyond or hidden from their conscious
awareness. The technique gives a positive feedback of giving a description of an individual
profile, yet, contains a minus one.
The following points are among of the characteristics of projective technique:
•
Using ambigous stimuli that represent by the tools. Rorschach Inkblot Test consists of
10 cards that must be shown one by one to the subject of the test. There is an inkblot
(as a stimulus) on each card with different forms and the subject must respond by freely
mentioning what they see. As the image is vague, it invites vary of answers, hence, we
may find that one card could be seen as many things either it’s animal, human, stuff in a
room, or even an abstract painting. Meanwhile, TAT is using a larger number of the
cards. It consists of 31 cards per set which is divided into three categories; for the use
with men only, for the use with women only, and for the use with subject of either
genders. But, recently, there is no more separation in giving the cards based on the
gender.
•
Multi-dimensional responses. It has been mentioned above that both tests assess a
wide-range of personality in which this result can only be achieved by gathering various
responses from the subject of the test. These various responses come out due to the
unstructured and ambigous of the stimuli. For example, a card might be responded as
something related to physical, intellectual, emotional, or social dimension.
•
Tend to lack of validity and reliability. Projective tests that do not have standard
grading scales tend to lack both validity and reliability. Validity refers to whether or not
a test is measuring what it purports to measure, while reliability refers to the
consistency of the test results (Cherry, 2015).
More spesific, with regards to the psychometric characteristics (validity and reliability)
of both tests, some literatures shows different score about it. It is reported by Thomas F.
Collura (2012) that there are different scores regarding the reliability of Rorschach Test;
Reliability depends on the ability to achieve a given measurement consistently (Weiner
& Greene, 2008). Viglione and Taylor (2003) specifically examined this issue using the
Comprehensive System. They reported that in their own study, among 84 raters
evaluating 70 Rorschach variables, there was a strong inter-rater reliability, particularly
for the base-rate variables. They also reviewed 24 previously published papers, all
reporting various inter-rater reliabilities. Most of these studies reported reliabilities in
the range of 85% to 99%. Aside from inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability is
another important consideration. Exner (as cited in Groth-Marnat, 2009, pp. 389-90)
reported reliabilities from .26 to .92 over a 1-year interval considering 41 variables; four
of them were above .90, 25 between .81 and .89, and 10 below .75. However, the most
unreliable variables were attributed to state changes. It was further noted that the
most relied upon factors, ratios and percentages, were among the most
reliable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Comprehensive System can yield high
reliability when used under the conditions applied in these studies (Collura, 2015).
Validity depends on the ability of a test to measure the constructs that it is purported to
measure (Wiener & Greene, 2008). Validity in this case can be evaluated by comparing
the Rorschach with clinical data or with other established tests of personality. Weiner
(2001), for example, stated that the Rorschach has a validity effect size “almost
identical” to the MMPI (Weiner, 2001, p. 423). Groth-Marnat (2009, p. 391) has pointed
out that results of validity studies on the Rorschach have been mixed, but are
confounded by various factors including the “type of scoring system, experience of the
scorer, and type of population.” Early studies noted the validity scores of Rorschach is
0.40 to 0.50, but later studies founded the scores as low as 0.29 (Collura, 2015).
However, such studies were further organized by variables such as age, number of
responses, verbal aptitude, education, and other confounding factors that were not
controlled (Collura, 2015).
Almost similar to Rorschach, TAT also shows vary scores for its reliability and validity as
some researches cofounded For example, Gregory J. Meyer through his meta-analysis
founded that “the interrater reliability observed when coding Rorschach or TAT
protocols falls in the range between 0.81 – 0.91. (Meyer, 2004). Overall, Meyer
explained that the data collected do not support the notion that interrater reliability
coefficients for Rorschach or TAT are deficient relative to other tests or applied
judgements in psychology and medicine (Meyer, 2004).
III.
COMPARISON of the TESTS
The comparison will be discussed into following sections:
3.1 THE TOOLS
Rorscach Inkblot Test
Consists of 10 cards/ set. Previously, there were 40 inkblots in Rorschach’s first studies
during period of 1918 – 1921, but he administered only 15 of them (more or less)
regularly to his patients. As the final result, he collected the data data from 405 subjects
where there were 117 non-patients subjects as the control group. In 1919 and 1920, he
attemped to find for a party to publish his findings and the 15 inkblot cards he regularly
used. Unfortunately, every publisher balked from the process of publishing all 15
inkblots because of the printing costs. Finally in 1921, he found a publisher which is the
House of Bircher who’s willing to publish his inkblots, even only 10 of them. Rorschach
reworked his manuscript to include only 10 of the 15 inkblots he most commonly used.
Those 10 cards must be shown to the subject of the test, one by one.
Thematic Apperception Test
There are 31 cards that is used in TAT on its earlier version. It was divided into three
categories which is for the use with men only, for the use of women only, and for the
use of both sexes. Hence, not all the cards being shown to the subject. The usual
number is 10 and 14, while the recommended number by Murray is 20. In present days,
TAT is no longer using that kind of ways for doing the test. The Recent practice has
moved away from the separation used of the cards for women and men.
3.2 THE USAGE
Rorscach Inkblot Test
•
Individual assessment; According to the Society for Personality Assessment, the
Rorschach Inkblot Test is the second in popularity after Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) among professional in the fields. (Berson, 2015).
•
Forensic Psychology; Anthony D. Sciara, PhD, ABPP, on one of his journal mentioned
that he has used this test for more than 30 years. “I have used Rorschach over the
past 30 years in many different type of cases. The cases in which I have used the
Rorschach included:
-
Criminal; murder, attemped murder, embezzlement, child sexual abuse, assault,
and rape
Civil; post traumatic disorder, job related anxiety/ depression, psychological
impact of physical injury, medical malpractice, and legal malpractice
Domestic; child custody, fitness to parent, and termination of parental rights
Quasi-legal; workers compensation, fitness to serve (law enforcement), and
sexual harrassment on the job (Sciara, 2015).
Thematic Apperception Test
•
Individual assessment; The TAT is often used to individuals as part of a battery tests
to evaluate individual’s personality. It is thought to be effective in releasing
information about a person's view of the world and his/ her attitudes toward the
self, others, and the environment. Expectations of relationships with peers, parents
or other authority figures, subordinates, and possible romantic partners might
revealed as a person taking the TAT. This test is also often used in a purpose of
employment where the recruiter needs to find out a level of skill of the candidates
for dealing with others and/ or the ability of coping stress such as education, law
enforcement, military leadership positions, and diplomatic services.
•
Forensic Psychology; sometimes forensic take this test in order to evaluate the
general attitudes and the motivations of individuals accused of violent crimes. For
instance, the test was administered to a 24-years-old man in prison for a case of
sexual murders. The results indicated that his attitudes toward others are not only
outside normal limits but are the same as those whom found guilty of the same type
of the crime.
•
Psychotherapy; The TAT can be repeatedly given repeatedly to an individual as one
of the ways measuring a progress in psychotherapy or, in some cases, to help the
therapist (psychologist and other professional related) understand why the
treatment seems to be stalled or blocked.
3.3 THE POSITIVE SIDE
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Contribute to create a comprehensive personality profile; it has been mentioned that
Rorschach measures a wide-range of personality dimensions. Hence, by using this test,
psychologist may have a lot of information that can be used for a basic of writing a
comprehensive individual’s profile. In addition, this test is also able to be used for the
purpose of evaluating psychotic condition and thought disorders.
Thematic Apperception Test
Contribute to create a more comprehensive personality profile; as many things recorded
in the process of administering the TAT (verbal responses, other signs appear like vocal
tone, gestures, and emotions), there will be many information gained by psychologist
which is useful for understanding an individual’s personality much more better through
an in-depth analysis and interpretation process.
3.4 THE LIMITATION
Compared to the more objective questionnaire-type personality assessments, projective
tests are difficult to score, and questions are often raised about their degree of
reliability and validity. In most cases, not enough research has been done on such tests
to determine scientifically how effective they actually are in assessing personality.
Results of the Thematic Apperception Test obtained by different scorers have proven
relatively reliable when specific features (such as aggression) are measured. However,
the reliability of the Rorschach test, which has also been researched, has generally
proven unsatisfactory because test results are dependent on the psychologist's
judgment. Different interpretations of the same set of responses may vary significantly.
Although newer scoring systems—including one that allows for computer scoring—may
yield greater reliability, free interpretation of the test is valuable to clinicians
(http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/506/Projective-Techniques.html).
In addition to their weaknesses in terms of reliability and validation, projective tests also
require more time and skill to administer than more objective testing methods.
However, they continue to be employed because of their usefulness in helping
psychologists obtain a comprehensive picture of an individual's personality. The results
are most useful when combined with information obtained from personal observation,
other test scores, and familiarity with a client's previous history. In addition, projective
tests make it especially difficult for subjects to skew their answers in a particular
direction as they sometimes attempt to do with other types of assessment
(http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/506/Projective-Techniques.html).
3.5 THE ADMINISTRATION
Rorschach Inkblot Test
• The test should be held in a quiet room free from any distractions or interruptions
• Takes about 1 – 1,5 hours for administering and scoring the test
• The tester sits next to the subject of the test
• The tester/ examiner then show the cards one by one to the subject and says “What
might this be?”
• All responses are recorded verbatim.
Thematic Apperception Test
• The test should be held in a quiet room free from any distractions or interruptions
• Takes about 1 hour for the test
• The subject of the test sits next to the tester
• The tester shows the subject a series of story cards taken from a full set of 31 TAT
cards (usual number of the cards to be shown is 10 and 14, recommended number by
Murray is 20)
• The tester/ examiner then ask the subject to tell a story about the picture on each
card, with specific instructions to include a description of the event in the picture, the
thoughts and feelings of the people in the picture, and the outcome of the story
• All responses are recorded verbatim.
3.6 THE SCORING
Rorschach Inkblot Test
• Rorschach scoring is well-known as comprehensive system which originally published
in 1960 and had been updated in 1987 (http://www.minddisorders.com/PyZ/Rorschach-technique.html)
• Each response is coded on dimensions; location (the whole inkblot versus an unusual
detail); developmental quality (vague versus defined object); determinants
(movement, shading, color); form quality (e.g., how typical it is to see an object in a
particular location); content (human, landscape, stuff, animal, etc); organizational
synthesis; and other special categories
• The codes are then summed across all responses to form a summary for the purpose
of making a comprehensive interpretation.
Thematic Apperception Test
• There are two basic approaches to interpreting responses to the TAT, called
nomothetic and idiographic respectively. Nomothetic interpretation refers to the
practice of establishing norms for answers from subjects in specific age, gender,
racial, or educational level groups and then measuring a given subject's responses
against those norms. Idiographic interpretation refers to evaluating the unique
features of the subject's view of the world and relationships. Most psychologists
would classify the TAT as better suited to idiographic than nomothethic
interpretation (Frey, 2015).
• Objective scoring (developed by Richard H. Dana), consists of three scoring categories
which is perceptual organization (PO), perceptual range (PR), and perceptual
personalization (PP). Each category represents seven components; card description
(CD), present behavior (PB), past events (PE), future events (FE), thought (T), and
outcome (O). Dana created two different sheets for this scoring system; one for
female and the other is for male. This system is easier to be used compare to content
analysis method. Yet, combining both would give more comprehensive
interpretation.
IV.
CONCLUSION
This report aims to state the author’s opinion on what test he prefers to use than the other
and based on all the explanation above with either considering all the literatures reviewed,
he would like to use TAT more over Rorschach Test with following reasons:
•
TAT is more reasonable in terms of the stimuli presented on the cards.
•
In general, it takes lesser time to administering TAT compare to Rorschach.
•
The scoring system as the base of the interpretation is more comprehensive.
However, both tests would be best if cofounded with following conditions:
1. Using the latest version of the tests
2. Using the comprehensive scoring system according to the latest version
3. Cofounded by professional who have attended advance level of trainings, or, under
supervision of the experts.
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