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RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST and THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST; A COMPARISON between TWO LEGENDARY TESTS I. INTRODUCTION In psychology, there is a common way called ‘projective technique/ test’ which is used to evaluate an individual’s personality. Among of the tests using this technique are The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test which has been famous among clinical professionals (Watkins et al., 1995). Both tests have some similar things as its strength, as well as have some weaknesses if we compare one another. Many critiques come up over the decades to both tests, yet, with some reasons and for some purposes, these tests is still being used until present day. The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective psychological test consisting of 10 inkblots printed on the cards in which five of the cards were printed in black and white while the other five were printed in colors. This projective test was created by Hermann Rorschach in 1921. The subject of the test should respond to the inkblots and all responses are being recorded verbatim. The rationale behind the test is that the responses provided by the subject who suffer from mental illness will be markedly different than the responses provided by normal people. This can be detected through the scoring system where all the responses will be marked and scored by coding like W for the whole inkblot response, D for larger detail, F for form of the inkblot, and C for response using color(s).There is a standard norm in which normal people usually includes in, hence, responses out of the norm will be indicated differently and might be highlight as something to be concerned that might lead psychologist interpret this sign as a mental illness. The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test that measure or evaluate personal pattern of thought, attitudes, observational capacity, and emotional responses toward the test material. The test material itself is a set of cards that represent human figures in a variety of circumstances. The test works as like this example; instead of telling a story as asked by the tester/ examiner, a subject of the test had made a comment about the artistic style of the picture portrayed or mentioned that he or she hate the picture; this is a way of avoiding something he or she anxious about.The reason behind, the gestures, and the expression of the subject that came up during the session will be considered as a valuable information strengthen the interpretation.This test was developed at the first time by Henry Murray, Christina Morgan, and their colleagues at the Harvard Psychological Clinic, in 1935. IDENTIFICATION of PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAIT Using both tests, psychologists may have a profile description that describe variety of individual’s traits or characteristics such anxiety, sex orientation, cognitive process, intellectual, predictive behavior, etc. This essay will only be focusing on the anxiety as the topic of the pre-discussion. Refers to the American Psychological Association, anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes like increased blood pressure. People with anxiety disorders usually have recurring intrusive thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry. They may also have physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, dizziness or a rapid heartbeat. (Kazdin, 2000).With regards to the tests, both Rorschach and TAT can help psychologist to evaluate the personality of the subject or individu, includes indicating the anxiety that exists on a person. Discussing anxiety could reffer to the some theories of psychology as explained on a journal by Strongman (1995). In this paper, theories of personality are categorized into; psychoanayitic, learning/ behavioural, physiological, phenomenological/ existential, cognitive, and those concerned with uncertainty (Strongman, 1995). Rorscach and TAT will be best discussed using psychoanalytic perspective, because, both tests were developed using the projective technique which is a part of psychoanalytic flow. The flow presumes that the anxiety appears due to the activities of unconscious mind/ conflicts. A research done by University of Michigan Health System shows that “Data from the experiment showing that subliminal exposure to words related to a person's unconscious conflict, followed by supraliminal exposure to words related to their anxiety symptoms, led to different alpha wave patterns compared with other scenarios.” A link between unconscious conflicts and conscious anxiety disorder symptoms have been shown, lending empirical support to psychoanalysis (University of Michigan Health System, 2012). How Rorscach measures a subject’s anxiety is by using a blot shading that printed on the cards and shown to the subject. For example, a subject is being showed one of the black and white Rorschach cards, then he/ she says that the inkblot looks like a king of the darkness who is going to catch him up and other similar responses. Darkness and cath up on the sentence represent a feeling of anxiety from the subject. However, Charles Neuringer on his journal – Manifestation of the Anxiety on Rorschach Test - stated that the manifestation of the anxiety on the Rorschach Test is quitely poor (Neuringer, 1962). There is not any reasonable, empirically supported reason to use the Rorschach as atool to assist in the diagnosis of any anxiety disorder (Lack & Thomason, 2015). TAT is a projective test in that, like the Rorschach test, its assessment of the subject is based on what he or she projects onto the ambiguous images. As people taking the TAT proceed through the various story cards and tell stories about the pictures, they reveal their expectations of relationships with peers, parents or other authority figures, subordinates, and possible romantic partners. a person who is made anxious by a certain picture may make comments about the artistic style of the picture, or remark that he or she does not like the picture; this is a way of avoiding telling a story about it (Frey, 2015). Though in fact this test is still commonly being used by professionals, but, according to Lack & Thomason (2015), TAT has some limited empirical support in assessing for personality disorder and achievement motives when using particular scoring system. In none of this systems, however, has evidence shown it to be a useful tool to measure cognitive, emotional, or behavioral symptoms of any anxiety disorder (Lack & Thomason, 2015). Base on the short explanation above, we can say that both tests indicate an anxiety that exists in a person through the dictions or the sentences they use. However, compare to Rorschach, TAT has a better way to figure out someone’s anxiety. Apart from the verbal responses, TAT also put much more attention to other signs exhibited by a person on a test like subject’s manner, gestures, vocal tone, and emotional responses to a particular story picture (card). By doing so, a tester which is psychologist may gather a comprehensive information for them to make a more acceptable interpretation. PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES Although the tests are beneficial, but, there are also psychometric issues on utilizing both. First, as Hermann Rorschach did not make it clear where he got the idea from the test, it is difficult for scientist to accept and lay down their thoughts on something that has no strong foundation for the thinking behind. While for TAT, the cultural, gender, and race are the important issues of using this test. As the pictures printed on the cards show some scene of human’s activities, people will respond differently based on their background either the educational, social, and cultural. The similar thought is also applied in terms of gender issue where a portrait could result different stories depends on who the subject is (male or female). For example, the card labeled 6GF shows a younger woman who is seated turning toward a somewhat older man who is standing behind her and smoking a pipe. Most male subjects do not react to this picture as implying aggressiveness, but most female subjects regard it as a very aggressive picture, with unpleasant overtones of intrusiveness and danger. Many researchers consider the gender difference in responses to this card as a reflection of the general imbalance in power between men and women in the larger society (Frey, 2015). Race is another issue related to the TAT story cards. The original story cards, which were created in 1935, all involved Caucasian figures (Frey, 2015). It is being a matter when the subjects of the test are coming from different races. However, newer sets of TAT cards have been created in which the cards introduced figures representing a wider variety of races and ethnic groups. As of 2002, however, it is not clear whether a subject's ability to identify with the race of the figures in the story cards improves the results of a TAT assessment (Frey, 2015). The second issue is related to the present form of both tests that we can find easily on the internet. As the digital technology has been touching almost all aspects of human being, it embraces the field of Psychology too where one of the application is creating a digital form of both tests. Though the result can be produced but there is still a skeptical issue accompanies due to the lack of other psychological signs that should be observed either for the better understanding of a subject. A recent subject of controversy in TAT interpretation concerns the use of computers to evaluate responses. While computers were used initially only to score tests with simple yes/no answers, they were soon applied to interpretation of projective measures. A computerized system for interpreting the Rorschach was devised as early as 1964. As of 2002, there are no computerized systems for evaluating responses to the TAT; however, users of the TAT should be aware of the controversies in this field. Computers have two basic limitations for use with the TAT: the first is that they cannot observe and record the subject's vocal tone, eye contact, and other aspects of behavior that a human examiner can note. Second, computers are not adequate for the interpretation of unusual subject profiles (Frey, 2015). Third, since both tests are being used to describe a personality, the result shall provide a wide-ranging of someone’s personality rather than be specified on one or two traits like anxiety. Lack & Thomason (2015) had conclude on their journal and stated that, “Finally, a thourough review of the evidence does not support the routine usage of any projective measures in the assessment of anxiety symptoms or diagnostic construct. While certain measures has been useful in measuring overall adjustment (RISB), psychotic disorder (Rorschach), ego development (WUSCT), and personality disorder (TAT), distruptive behavior and mood disorder (global figure drawing score), none have consistently been demonstrated to be diagnostically useful for the assessment of anxiety, either alone or in addition to other measures. II. CENTRAL SECTION (PSYCHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC) Both the Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are using projective technique to administer it. Projective technique is a technique that let a person give response(s) to ambigous stimuli which probably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by that person in to the test. The origins of this technique was coming from psychoanalityc which mentioned that humans have conscious and unconscious thinking, attitudes, and motivations that are beyond or hidden from their conscious awareness. The technique gives a positive feedback of giving a description of an individual profile, yet, contains a minus one. The following points are among of the characteristics of projective technique: • Using ambigous stimuli that represent by the tools. Rorschach Inkblot Test consists of 10 cards that must be shown one by one to the subject of the test. There is an inkblot (as a stimulus) on each card with different forms and the subject must respond by freely mentioning what they see. As the image is vague, it invites vary of answers, hence, we may find that one card could be seen as many things either it’s animal, human, stuff in a room, or even an abstract painting. Meanwhile, TAT is using a larger number of the cards. It consists of 31 cards per set which is divided into three categories; for the use with men only, for the use with women only, and for the use with subject of either genders. But, recently, there is no more separation in giving the cards based on the gender. • Multi-dimensional responses. It has been mentioned above that both tests assess a wide-range of personality in which this result can only be achieved by gathering various responses from the subject of the test. These various responses come out due to the unstructured and ambigous of the stimuli. For example, a card might be responded as something related to physical, intellectual, emotional, or social dimension. • Tend to lack of validity and reliability. Projective tests that do not have standard grading scales tend to lack both validity and reliability. Validity refers to whether or not a test is measuring what it purports to measure, while reliability refers to the consistency of the test results (Cherry, 2015). More spesific, with regards to the psychometric characteristics (validity and reliability) of both tests, some literatures shows different score about it. It is reported by Thomas F. Collura (2012) that there are different scores regarding the reliability of Rorschach Test; Reliability depends on the ability to achieve a given measurement consistently (Weiner & Greene, 2008). Viglione and Taylor (2003) specifically examined this issue using the Comprehensive System. They reported that in their own study, among 84 raters evaluating 70 Rorschach variables, there was a strong inter-rater reliability, particularly for the base-rate variables. They also reviewed 24 previously published papers, all reporting various inter-rater reliabilities. Most of these studies reported reliabilities in the range of 85% to 99%. Aside from inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability is another important consideration. Exner (as cited in Groth-Marnat, 2009, pp. 389-90) reported reliabilities from .26 to .92 over a 1-year interval considering 41 variables; four of them were above .90, 25 between .81 and .89, and 10 below .75. However, the most unreliable variables were attributed to state changes. It was further noted that the most relied upon factors, ratios and percentages, were among the most reliable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Comprehensive System can yield high reliability when used under the conditions applied in these studies (Collura, 2015). Validity depends on the ability of a test to measure the constructs that it is purported to measure (Wiener & Greene, 2008). Validity in this case can be evaluated by comparing the Rorschach with clinical data or with other established tests of personality. Weiner (2001), for example, stated that the Rorschach has a validity effect size “almost identical” to the MMPI (Weiner, 2001, p. 423). Groth-Marnat (2009, p. 391) has pointed out that results of validity studies on the Rorschach have been mixed, but are confounded by various factors including the “type of scoring system, experience of the scorer, and type of population.” Early studies noted the validity scores of Rorschach is 0.40 to 0.50, but later studies founded the scores as low as 0.29 (Collura, 2015). However, such studies were further organized by variables such as age, number of responses, verbal aptitude, education, and other confounding factors that were not controlled (Collura, 2015). Almost similar to Rorschach, TAT also shows vary scores for its reliability and validity as some researches cofounded For example, Gregory J. Meyer through his meta-analysis founded that “the interrater reliability observed when coding Rorschach or TAT protocols falls in the range between 0.81 – 0.91. (Meyer, 2004). Overall, Meyer explained that the data collected do not support the notion that interrater reliability coefficients for Rorschach or TAT are deficient relative to other tests or applied judgements in psychology and medicine (Meyer, 2004). III. COMPARISON of the TESTS The comparison will be discussed into following sections: 3.1 THE TOOLS Rorscach Inkblot Test Consists of 10 cards/ set. Previously, there were 40 inkblots in Rorschach’s first studies during period of 1918 – 1921, but he administered only 15 of them (more or less) regularly to his patients. As the final result, he collected the data data from 405 subjects where there were 117 non-patients subjects as the control group. In 1919 and 1920, he attemped to find for a party to publish his findings and the 15 inkblot cards he regularly used. Unfortunately, every publisher balked from the process of publishing all 15 inkblots because of the printing costs. Finally in 1921, he found a publisher which is the House of Bircher who’s willing to publish his inkblots, even only 10 of them. Rorschach reworked his manuscript to include only 10 of the 15 inkblots he most commonly used. Those 10 cards must be shown to the subject of the test, one by one. Thematic Apperception Test There are 31 cards that is used in TAT on its earlier version. It was divided into three categories which is for the use with men only, for the use of women only, and for the use of both sexes. Hence, not all the cards being shown to the subject. The usual number is 10 and 14, while the recommended number by Murray is 20. In present days, TAT is no longer using that kind of ways for doing the test. The Recent practice has moved away from the separation used of the cards for women and men. 3.2 THE USAGE Rorscach Inkblot Test • Individual assessment; According to the Society for Personality Assessment, the Rorschach Inkblot Test is the second in popularity after Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) among professional in the fields. (Berson, 2015). • Forensic Psychology; Anthony D. Sciara, PhD, ABPP, on one of his journal mentioned that he has used this test for more than 30 years. “I have used Rorschach over the past 30 years in many different type of cases. The cases in which I have used the Rorschach included: - Criminal; murder, attemped murder, embezzlement, child sexual abuse, assault, and rape Civil; post traumatic disorder, job related anxiety/ depression, psychological impact of physical injury, medical malpractice, and legal malpractice Domestic; child custody, fitness to parent, and termination of parental rights Quasi-legal; workers compensation, fitness to serve (law enforcement), and sexual harrassment on the job (Sciara, 2015). Thematic Apperception Test • Individual assessment; The TAT is often used to individuals as part of a battery tests to evaluate individual’s personality. It is thought to be effective in releasing information about a person's view of the world and his/ her attitudes toward the self, others, and the environment. Expectations of relationships with peers, parents or other authority figures, subordinates, and possible romantic partners might revealed as a person taking the TAT. This test is also often used in a purpose of employment where the recruiter needs to find out a level of skill of the candidates for dealing with others and/ or the ability of coping stress such as education, law enforcement, military leadership positions, and diplomatic services. • Forensic Psychology; sometimes forensic take this test in order to evaluate the general attitudes and the motivations of individuals accused of violent crimes. For instance, the test was administered to a 24-years-old man in prison for a case of sexual murders. The results indicated that his attitudes toward others are not only outside normal limits but are the same as those whom found guilty of the same type of the crime. • Psychotherapy; The TAT can be repeatedly given repeatedly to an individual as one of the ways measuring a progress in psychotherapy or, in some cases, to help the therapist (psychologist and other professional related) understand why the treatment seems to be stalled or blocked. 3.3 THE POSITIVE SIDE Rorschach Inkblot Test Contribute to create a comprehensive personality profile; it has been mentioned that Rorschach measures a wide-range of personality dimensions. Hence, by using this test, psychologist may have a lot of information that can be used for a basic of writing a comprehensive individual’s profile. In addition, this test is also able to be used for the purpose of evaluating psychotic condition and thought disorders. Thematic Apperception Test Contribute to create a more comprehensive personality profile; as many things recorded in the process of administering the TAT (verbal responses, other signs appear like vocal tone, gestures, and emotions), there will be many information gained by psychologist which is useful for understanding an individual’s personality much more better through an in-depth analysis and interpretation process. 3.4 THE LIMITATION Compared to the more objective questionnaire-type personality assessments, projective tests are difficult to score, and questions are often raised about their degree of reliability and validity. In most cases, not enough research has been done on such tests to determine scientifically how effective they actually are in assessing personality. Results of the Thematic Apperception Test obtained by different scorers have proven relatively reliable when specific features (such as aggression) are measured. However, the reliability of the Rorschach test, which has also been researched, has generally proven unsatisfactory because test results are dependent on the psychologist's judgment. Different interpretations of the same set of responses may vary significantly. Although newer scoring systems—including one that allows for computer scoring—may yield greater reliability, free interpretation of the test is valuable to clinicians (http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/506/Projective-Techniques.html). In addition to their weaknesses in terms of reliability and validation, projective tests also require more time and skill to administer than more objective testing methods. However, they continue to be employed because of their usefulness in helping psychologists obtain a comprehensive picture of an individual's personality. The results are most useful when combined with information obtained from personal observation, other test scores, and familiarity with a client's previous history. In addition, projective tests make it especially difficult for subjects to skew their answers in a particular direction as they sometimes attempt to do with other types of assessment (http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/506/Projective-Techniques.html). 3.5 THE ADMINISTRATION Rorschach Inkblot Test • The test should be held in a quiet room free from any distractions or interruptions • Takes about 1 – 1,5 hours for administering and scoring the test • The tester sits next to the subject of the test • The tester/ examiner then show the cards one by one to the subject and says “What might this be?” • All responses are recorded verbatim. Thematic Apperception Test • The test should be held in a quiet room free from any distractions or interruptions • Takes about 1 hour for the test • The subject of the test sits next to the tester • The tester shows the subject a series of story cards taken from a full set of 31 TAT cards (usual number of the cards to be shown is 10 and 14, recommended number by Murray is 20) • The tester/ examiner then ask the subject to tell a story about the picture on each card, with specific instructions to include a description of the event in the picture, the thoughts and feelings of the people in the picture, and the outcome of the story • All responses are recorded verbatim. 3.6 THE SCORING Rorschach Inkblot Test • Rorschach scoring is well-known as comprehensive system which originally published in 1960 and had been updated in 1987 (http://www.minddisorders.com/PyZ/Rorschach-technique.html) • Each response is coded on dimensions; location (the whole inkblot versus an unusual detail); developmental quality (vague versus defined object); determinants (movement, shading, color); form quality (e.g., how typical it is to see an object in a particular location); content (human, landscape, stuff, animal, etc); organizational synthesis; and other special categories • The codes are then summed across all responses to form a summary for the purpose of making a comprehensive interpretation. Thematic Apperception Test • There are two basic approaches to interpreting responses to the TAT, called nomothetic and idiographic respectively. Nomothetic interpretation refers to the practice of establishing norms for answers from subjects in specific age, gender, racial, or educational level groups and then measuring a given subject's responses against those norms. Idiographic interpretation refers to evaluating the unique features of the subject's view of the world and relationships. Most psychologists would classify the TAT as better suited to idiographic than nomothethic interpretation (Frey, 2015). • Objective scoring (developed by Richard H. Dana), consists of three scoring categories which is perceptual organization (PO), perceptual range (PR), and perceptual personalization (PP). Each category represents seven components; card description (CD), present behavior (PB), past events (PE), future events (FE), thought (T), and outcome (O). Dana created two different sheets for this scoring system; one for female and the other is for male. This system is easier to be used compare to content analysis method. Yet, combining both would give more comprehensive interpretation. IV. CONCLUSION This report aims to state the author’s opinion on what test he prefers to use than the other and based on all the explanation above with either considering all the literatures reviewed, he would like to use TAT more over Rorschach Test with following reasons: • TAT is more reasonable in terms of the stimuli presented on the cards. • In general, it takes lesser time to administering TAT compare to Rorschach. • The scoring system as the base of the interpretation is more comprehensive. However, both tests would be best if cofounded with following conditions: 1. Using the latest version of the tests 2. Using the comprehensive scoring system according to the latest version 3. 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