Download 11/27/12 Practice Exam 4

Leader: Cody
Course: AN S 214
Cardiovascular & Digestive Systems
Instructor: Dr. Selsby
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Date: 11/27/12
1. Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?
a. Salivary glands
b. Teeth
c. Tongue
d. Intestines
Practice Exam 1
2. The major site for nutrient absorption is the _____.
a. Mouth
b. Small intestine
c. Large intestine
d. Stomach
3. Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins.
a. True
b. False
4. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?
a. The stomach mechanically digests food.
b. The stomach chemically digests carbohydrates.
c. The stomach serves as a temporary holding area for ingested food.
d. The stomach produces intrinsic factor.
5. The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are:
a. Gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase.
b. Intestinal phase, gastric phase cephalic phase.
c. Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase.
d. Cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase.
6. The increased concentration of HCO3- in blood draining from the stomach is called
______.
a. Bicarbonate loading.
b. The alkaline tide.
c. The chloride shift.
d. The enterogastric reflex
7. The _______ is the first segment of the small intestine.
a. Ileum
b. Duodenum
c. Ilium
d. Jejunum
Supplemental Instruction
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8. Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the
______ of the small intestine.
a. Villi
b. Microvilli
c. Circular folds
d. Goblet cells
9. Bile is stored and concentrated in the ______.
a. Gallbladder
b. Stomach
c. Liver
d. Pancreas
10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the liver?
a. It has a role in detoxifying the blood.
b. It stores glucose.
c. It has 3 lobes.
d. It is highly regenerative.
11. ______ is not found in pancreatic secretions.
a. Bicarbonate
b. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
c. Procarboxypeptidase
d. Chymotrypsinogen
12. Most water is absorbed in the ________.
a. Small intestine
b. Liver
c. Stomach
d. Large intestine
13. Pepsin enzymatically digests _____.
a. Fat
b. Protein
c. Carbohydrate
d. Nucleic acids
14. In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases
occurs in the:
a. Duodenum
b. Pancreas
c. Stomach
d. Gallbladder
15. During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation:
a. Hormones reduce chief cell activity.
b. Secretin causes more HCl release.
c. The gastroeneteric reflex reduces stomach activity.
d. The stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited.
16. What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach?
a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids
17. The propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus is called:
a. Segmentation
b. Peristalsis
c. Ingestion
d. Swallowing
18. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
a. It has villi.
b. It provides no absorptive function.
c. It contains a large amount of bacteria.
d. It is longer than the small intestine.
19. Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Histamine
d. CCK
20. What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?
a. Greater absorption of nutrients would occur.
b. Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur.
c. A duodenal ulcer
d. The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
21. Which of the following products does the stomach produce?
a. Bile and trypsin
b. HCl and intrinsic factor
c. Pepsinogen and secretin
d. Mucous and amylase
22. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is:
a. Glycogen
b. Polysaccharides
c. Monosaccharide’s
d. Disaccharides
23. Which of the following cells produce HCl?
a. Parietal cells
b. G cells
c. Chief cells
d. Enteroendocrine cells
24. Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?
a. G cells
b. Enteroendocrine cells
c. Parietal cells
d. Chief cells
25. ______________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.
a. Peristalsis
b. Ingestion
c. Defecation
d. Mechanical digestion
26. The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by:
a. The sympathetic system.
b. The parasympathetic system.
c. Higher brain centers.
d. The enteric plexus.
27. The _________ phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex.
a. Intestinal
b. Cephalic
c. Esophageal
d. Gastric
28. The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the
duodenum over a period of time would cause:
a. an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
b. diminished gallbladder contractions.
c. a decrease in bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
d. a parasympathetic reflex which would promote gastric contractions.
29. All of the following are steps of the rumination cycle EXCEPT:
a. Regurgitation
b. Eructation
c. Redeglutition
d. Reinsalivation
e. Remastication
30. During the gastric phase ingested food stimulates:
a. a reflex in the myenteric plexus
b. a reflex mediated via the vagus nerves and brainstem
c. an increase in the pH of the stomach contents
d. all of the above
31. The liver secretes 1,000 mL of bile per day into the duodenum.
a. True
b. False
32. The functions of the liver include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. secretion of albumin, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins.
b. storing glucose as glycogen.
c. producing vitamins A, C and K.
d. degrading toxins and drugs from the blood.
33. Sympathetic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract will increase peristalsis and gastric
secretions.
a. True
b. False
34. Monogastric salivary glands produce all of the following EXCEPT:
a. mucin
b. salivary pepsin
c. saliva
d. Bicarbonate
e. salivary amylase
35. Which of the following does not occur within the large intestine?
a. synthesis of vitamin K
b. absorption of water and electrolytes
c. secretion of mucus
d. digestion of cellulose by digestive enzymes
36. All of the following are functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) EXCEPT:
a. stimulates gallbladder contraction
b. promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes
c. increases gastric HCl production
d. induces the movement of bile into common bile duct
e. causes hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
37. Which of the following is a satiety-stimulating compound produced in the brain?
a. Ghrelin
b. NPY
c. POMC
d. AgRP
38. Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
a. salivary glands
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. stomach
39. When the salivatory nuclei in the brainstem receive neural input from touch and taste
receptors in the mouth, salivation is increased.
a. True
b. False
40. Parietal cells use the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form the H+ ions in the hydrochloric
acid that they secrete.
a. True
b. False
41. An animal with lesions in this center of the brain will overeat and develop obesity.
a. medulla
b. pons
c. lateral hypothalamus
d. ventro-medial hypothalamus
42. Gut fill is affected by all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. Pelleting
b. caloric density of the feed
c. plant tissue lignifications
d. type of CHO ingested
e. Grinding
43. Cardiac output is:
a. The number of times the heart beats in one minute.
b. The number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute.
c. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction
d. The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
44. Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall.
a. SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle
branches.
b. AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle
branches.
c. SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches,
Purkinje fibers.
d. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle of His, eight and left bundle
branches.
45. The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which:
a. The muscle cell is not in a position to respond to a stimulus of any strength.
b. The muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus.
c. The muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus.
d. A cardiac muscle cannot respond to any stimulus and lasts only 1 to 2
milliseconds.
46. The pacemaker of the heart is the:
a. AV node
b. Bundle of His
c. The bundle branches
d. SA node
47. The ability of some cardiac muscle cells to initiate their own depolarization and cause
depolarization of the rest of the heart is called:
a. An action potential
b. Automaticity
c. Fibrillation
d. A functional syncytium
48. On the electrocardiogram, repolarization of the atria is represented by the:
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. It does not appear since it is obscured by the QRS complex
49. Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate
another by allowing ion flow across the intercaled disk?
a. Fascia adherens
b. Gap junctions
c. Desmosomes
d. Intercellular folds
50. When the atria begin depolarizing, which of the following is occuring?
a. Ventricular filling
b. Ventricular ejection
c. Atrial filling
d. Atrial ejection
51. Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Parasympathetic stimulation
c. Exercise
d. Sharply decrease blood volume
52. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. The firing of the SA node stimulates both atria to contract almost simultaneously.
b. The signal to contract is delayed at the AV node, allowing the ventricles to fill
with blood.
c. Firing signals reach the papillary muscles before the rest of the ventricular
myocardium
d. Ventricular contraction begins the AV valves and progresses downward to
the apex of the heart.
53. Which is the correct path of blood through the heart?
A. vena cava, left atrium, tricuspid valve, left ventricle, pulmonary valve, right atrium,
mitral valve, right ventricle, aortic valve
B. right atrium, bicuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left atrium, mitral valve,
left ventricle, aortic valve
C. vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, left atrium, mitral
valve, left ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
D. right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left atrium, mitral
valve, left ventricle, aortic valve
E. vena cava, left atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left atrium,
mitral valve, right ventricle, aortic valve
54. Which of the following is TRUE about the heart?
A. ventricles fill passively, without aortic contractions
B. cardiac cells can be mono or binucleated
C. the diagram of an action potential is identical for cardiac and skeletal muscle
D. cardiac muscle, like skeletal, is comprised of motor units and contractions are driven
by direct nervous stimulation
E. muscle cells rely primarily on anaerobic respiration
55. Ventricular filling
A. is accomplished exclusively by negative pressure created by the expanding ventricle
B. is preceded by the QRS wave
C. has both passive and active elements
D. is characterized by a constant volume, which is very difficult to alter
E. occurs during the QRS wave
56. Angina pectoris
A. is characterized by a full obstruction of the coronary vessels
B. results in fibrosis of the cardiac muscle
C. will increase cardiac output in an attempt to provide more blood to the cardiac muscle
D. is characterized by ischemia and myocardial stunning
E. generally painless, and goes unnoticed
57. A full obstruction of the coronary artery
A. is called myocardial infarction
B. is called angina pectoris
C. will result in temporary loss of cardiac muscle
D. can be resolved by artificially induced decrease in heart rate
E. causes reversible damage, ameliorated by gradual regrowth of cardiac muscle
58. Cardiac contractions
A. are spontaneous and rhythmic
B. exhibit automaticity
C. have a relatively short refractory period
D. a, b and c are all true
E. a and b are both true
59. Stimulation of a cardiac cell
A. is initiated by Na diffusion into the cell
B. is stimulated by ACh binding to Na and K channels
C. triggers the expulsion of Ca out of the cells
D. is accomplished by coordinated Na leakage across all tissue cells
E. is unnecessary, as the cell fires spontaneously, without preceding changes in
membrane potential
60. An action potential on the cardiac membrane
A. will cause calcium to both enter the cell through voltage gated channels and
trigger its release from the SR
B. is stimulated by gradual Ca seepage into the cell
C. is followed by a long relative refractory period
D. is triggered by ACh release from the vagus nerve
E. is the result of temporal summation from the neighboring cell
61. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the role of Ca in the cell?
A. prolongs the absolute refractory period by counteracting the effects of Na
movement during an action potential
B. is released from the SR under both chemical and ligand stimulation
C. enters the cell through slow electrically gated channels on the cell membrane
D. has both voltage and ligand gated channels in the cell that regulate its movement
E. responsible for both a faster membrane depolarization and a longer absolute refractory
period
62. Repolarization in cardiac muscle
A. occurs at a faster rate than in skeletal muscle
B. is determined by Na levels in the cell
C. results from the gradual inactivation of Ca channels
D. is slower than in skeletal due to slower opening of K channels
E. is preceded by a short (relative to skeletal) contractile phase
63. Signal transduction in cardiac muscle
A. travels at the same rate through all 4 chambers
B. is initiated at the bundle of His in a normally functional heart
C. is expedited by the presence of gap junctions between cells
D. radiates freely away from the SA node to stimulate all surrounding tissues
E. must begin at the SA node to generate enough cardiac output to sustain life
64. Which of the following is TRUE about EKGs?
A. It clearly displays the electrical changes that occur during both atrial and ventricular
depolarization/repolarization cycles
B. It can infallibly diagnose the cardiac health status of the subject
C. A normal EKG displays what is called atrioventricular rhythm.
D. It displays the composite of all the action potentials generated by cardiac cells
during the course of a contraction
E. Sinus rhythm is what occurs during with a non-functional AV node, and displays a
heart rate of 75 bpm.
65. Cardiac automaticity
A. is the ability possessed by all cardiac cells to initiate a contraction
B. is dependent on the indirect stimulation of the SA node by the vagus nerve
C. is a result of an unstable resting membrane potential due to the leakage of Ca ions into
the cell
D. results from the slow influx of K ions through leaky channels on the cardiac
membrane
E. is the result of permanent membrane permeability to sodium ions in self-excitable
cell groups
66. The ejection fraction
A. is a function of cardiac output, divided by the end diastolic volume
B. is decreased by exercise and althlete's heart
C. will approach 90% in a diseased heart, due to leakage of blood back into atria
D. depends on both the pre-contractile filling of the ventricles and strength of
ventricular contractility
E. increases with increasing end systolic volume
67. Cardiac output
A. is the volume of blood pumped by both ventricles per minute
B. is the product of the heart beats per minute and the amount of blood ejected by
each ventricle per minute
C. will increase up to 20 times resting output during exercise
D. is the single most important factor influencing blood pressure
E. is about 3L /minute in non-athletic individuals
68. Stroke volume is influenced by
A. ventricular distension
B. preload
C. peripheral resistance
D. venous return
E. all of the above influence stroke volume
69. Heart rate is affected by
A. positive and negative ionotropic factors
B. cardiac centers within the pons
C. extrinsic innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
D. hypertension
E. norepinephrine from the vagus nerve
70. The Frank-Starling law of the heart
A. is explained by the length-tension relationship of sarcomeres with the conclusion that
cardiac fibers are shorterthan-optimal in length
B. states that an increase in cardiac output requires an in crease in heart rate and stroke
volume
C. states that an increase in venous return has a positive effect on SV and CO
D. all of the above are correct
E. only a and c are correct
71. Autonomic control of the cardiac muscle
A. allows conscious regulation of HR
B. is achieved by the involvement of acetylcholine and norepinephrine
C. includes vagal tone, which sets HR above sinus rhythm to ensure maximum
oxygenation of tissues
D. is unnecessary due to the automaticity of cardiac cells
E. none of the above are correct
72. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Ventricles undergo depolarization before atria.
B. Non-functional atria result in the cessation of ventricular filling and induce cardiac
arrest
C. Increasing volume of ventricular filling will increase heart rate and cardiac output
D. Increasing ventricular contractile will decrease EDV
E. Increasing volume of atrial filling will increase heart rate and cardiac output
ESSAY TOPICS
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual
exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to
draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a
schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other
words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
GI
1) Describe the process involved in the formation of HCl in the stomach.
2) Trace a piece of steak from its entry in the esophagus, to its absorption in the small intestine.
Be able to do the same for a piece of lard, or a cracker.
3) Describe the hormonal controls involved in secretion. Include a discussion of bile salt
production/excretion in your answer.
Ruminants
1) Compare and contrast the digestive tracts of foregut and hindgut fermenters.
2) Describe the process of rumination. Trace food/feed from the mouth to the abomasum. Include
the rumination cycle.
Appetite Control
1) Describe hormonal regulation of hunger and satiety.
2) Discuss factors involved in intake control of animals (non-hormonal).
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
1) Trace the electrical events involved in cardiac contraction. Be able to explain what would
happen if one part was extracted.
.
2) Explain electrocardiography by drawing a normal EKG and explaining its elements, and then
giving examples of cardiac abnormalities that can be detected using this diagnostic tool.
3) Compare the action potentials between the Nervous, Muscular, and Cardiovascular Systems.