Download 1. Which factor contributed to a rift between Alexander Hamilt

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1. Which factor contributed to a rift between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson during
the 1790s?
A) Jefferson supported the commercial elite.
B) Hamilton admired the British.
C) Jefferson emphasized manufacturing development.
D) Hamilton opposed a strong federal government.
2. According to Benjamin Rush and other republican writers, how could women contribute to a
better society?
A) By teaching sons virtue and good morals
B) By entering the paid workforce
C) By volunteering for church activities
D) By advising their husbands on political matters
3. Before the federal government settled into its permanent home in Washington, D.C., the
nation's capital had most recently been moved from
A) Philadelphia to Baltimore.
B) New York City to Baltimore.
C) Philadelphia to New York City.
D) New York City to Philadelphia.
4. What 1792 event stimulated road building?
A) An economic recession that required new sources of jobs.
B) The U.S. Post Office was established.
C) The federal government built the first public toll road.
D) The nation's capital moved to Washington, D.C.
5. Why did Alexander Hamilton advocate for rolling old certificates of debt into new
government bonds?
A) Bonds would infuse money into the economy.
B) The plan would lessen the actual amount of debt owed.
C) Hamilton hoped to limit speculator profits.
D) The plan would delay paying the debt far into the future.
6. To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed
A) the issuance of paper currency backed by gold and silver.
B) measures to reduce or prevent private speculation in public securities.
C) a plan to eliminate debt and thus the nation's reliance on credit.
D) the assumption of the states' unpaid war debts by the federal government.
7. How did Washington respond to Hamilton's idea for the Bank of the United States?
A) Following Jefferson's advice, he rejected the plan outright.
B) He forced Hamilton to revise his plan.
C) He gave the bank a twenty-year charter.
D) He signed the bank into law with a permanent charter.
8. Why did most Americans oppose the Jay Treaty?
A) The treaty reimbursed slaveowners for lost property.
B) The treaty forced American planters to repay debts to the British.
C) The treaty forced the British to abandon frontier forts immediately.
D) The treaty gave the French major leverage in the American fur trade.
9. Who were the gens de coleur who demanded political rights in Haiti?
A) Mixed-race property owners
B) Slaves
C) Whites of French descent
D) Whites of British descent
10. In his farewell address, President Washington spoke for a “unified body politic” and against
A) permanent alliances with foreign countries.
B) Federalist policies on manufacturing.
C) Republican tactics of governance.
D) popular presidents serving more than three terms in office.
11. How did President Adams attempt to avert a war with France in the fall of 1797?
A) He sent three men to negotiate peace with France.
B) He called for full-scale military preparedness to scare the French.
C) He advised American privateers to cease shipping to England.
D) He called for a boycott of English goods.
12. What was the intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress?
A) To jail newly arrived French persons
B) To confiscate the property of French-Americans
C) To harass French immigrants already in the United States
D) To discourage all immigration to the United States
13. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth which novel idea?
A) States could nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights.
B) The federal government could overturn state laws in violation of the Constitution.
C) Adams and the Federalists had conducted an illegal war with France.
D) The federal government could deport prisoners without trial only during times of war.
14. Tecumseh responded to the many challenges facing Native Americans in the early republic
by
A) imitating whites' seemingly more successful way of life.
B) living a bitter life of alcoholism and depression.
C) practicing advanced agricultural techniques.
D) proudly embracing Native American traditions.
15. Why did the United States express concern after Spain returned Louisiana to France?
A) The United States knew that France would sell the territory to England.
B) France was then under the rule of powerful expansionist Napoleon.
C) The United States believed the French would encourage Indian uprisings.
D) The French would never sell such a large territory to the United States.
16. The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark succeeded in
A) finding a waterway between the east and west coasts of the United States.
B) negotiating treaties that ensured lasting peace with western Indian tribes.
C) collecting valuable information on the natural environment of the region.
D) ensuring that later western journeys would be completely free of hardship.
17. Which explorer was arrested and taken to Mexico by the Spanish for traveling too far to the
west?
A) Zebulon Pike
B) Meriwether Lewis
C) William Clark
D) Sacajawea
18. How did women in early-nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., play key roles in political
circles?
A) By influencing patronage
B) By voting in unified blocks
C) By controlling their husbands' economic affairs
D) By protesting unfair legislation
19. How did the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention affect the Federalist Party?
A) The party gained new strength because of New Englanders' support for the conflict.
B) The Federalist Party died as a political force after opposing a popular war.
C) Federalist strength moved west and south into more agricultural areas.
D) The Federalist Party attracted a new generation of War Hawk politicians.
20. Which group suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812?
A) Indians
B) British
C) Americans
D) War Hawks in Congress
21. By 1820, divorce in the United States
A) remained illegal in all states.
B) was possible only in southern states.
C) was possible in most states.
D) was possible in every state.
22. Which activity was open to single women in every state in the early republic?
A) Practicing law
B) Serving on juries
C) Paying taxes
D) Voting
23. In 1820, the courses and reading lists at the top female academies
A) continued to lag behind those of similar male schools.
B) avoided rigorous academic study in favor ornamental arts.
C) resembled the courses and reading lists at elite male colleges.
D) reflected the fact that both wealthy and poor women attended.
24. Unlike theological seminaries that trained men for the clergy, Troy Female Seminary and
Hartford Seminary prepared their female students
A) for family life.
B) to do housework.
C) to work in politics.
D) to teach.
25. In the 1790s, which state became the first to enfranchise all adult males?
A) Mississippi
B) Illinois
C) Massachusetts
D) Vermont
26. Which of the following voting laws passed in many states during the early nineteenth
century?
A) The exclusion of felons from the voter rolls
B) Women's enfranchisement
C) Obligatory literacy testing for registration
D) The raising of the voting age to thirty
27. A hallmark of the Jacksonian era was the common belief among Americans that
A) a single political party is the best route to efficient government.
B) people and societies can shape their own destinies.
C) equality for all is worth fighting for.
D) the federal government can rationally solve all of the nation's problems.
28. For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were
A) high because workers were hard to obtain.
B) high because labor unions fought for increases.
C) low because workers were easily replaced.
D) low because workers were considered no better than slaves.
29. In the 1820s and 1830s, shoebinding, an important component of shoe manufacturing, was
A) highly skilled work performed by men in overcrowded tenements.
B) comparatively low-paying work performed by women at home.
C) usually undertaken by boys who worked on-site at the shoe factory.
D) the most highly unionized segment of the early factory system.
30. What role did bankers play in the economy of Jacksonian America?
A) Bankers managed the paper money issued by state governments.
B) Bankers managed the paper money issued by the federal government.
C) Bankers issued banknotes, which were backed by the federal government.
D) Bankers issued banknotes, which were theoretically backed by hard money.
31. Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave
priority to
A) individuals interested in maximizing their own wealth.
B) farmers who hoped to grow food on a subsistence level.
C) union members who struggled to protect their wages.
D) employers who took an interest in the safety of their workers.
32. What important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era?
A) Constitutional amendments gave more power to the presidency.
B) Democratic rhetoric made it necessary for candidates to appeal to common people.
C) The fight over the national bank increased the political influence of urban elites.
D) Candidates for national office adopted the formal tone of past presidents.
33. Why did the number of white male voters increase between the elections of 1824 and 1828?
A) Most states abolished property qualifications for voting.
B) More white men owned property due to the market revolution.
C) Increased wealth allowed more men to pay the poll tax.
D) Political parties paid men's poll tax in return for votes.
34. Why did newspapers become crucial to party politics in Jacksonian America?
A) They remained the only source of information about matters of political concern.
B) The press during this period was known for its unbiased coverage of political issues.
C) Political cartoons helped illiterate Americans choose a candidate.
D) Many newspapers pushed an individual party's agenda.
35. What was the infamous Trail of Tears?
A) The route taken by Cherokee warriors when they retreated after their defeat by the U.S. army
B) The Cherokee trip home from Washington after a failed attempt to keep some of their land
C) A 1,200-mile forced march of Cherokees who were expelled from their land
D) A Cherokee ritual mourning the loss of hundreds of their people in an unprovoked massacre
36. What document did Calhoun cite as precedent for the doctrine of nullification?
A) The Force Bill of 1825
B) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
C) The Missouri Compromise of 1820
D) The Georgia Resolution of 1830
37. Who was the leading exemplar of the Second Great Awakening?
A) Charles Grandison Finney
B) Lyman Beecher
C) Mary Lyon
D) Maria Stewart
38. How did proslavery congressmen keep antislavery petitions out of the public record?
A) They passed a “gag rule” through Congress in 1836.
B) Congress ordered mail carriers to destroy the petitions.
C) They organized off-the-record hearings for the petitioners.
D) Congress enhanced manumission laws to defuse the protest.
39. What allowed factories to become more productive during the 1840s and 1850s?
A) Waterwheel technology dramatically improved.
B) Steam began to be used as an energy source.
C) Water and animal power had been phased out.
D) The use of electricity became widespread.
40. Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of
A) the influence of steam power on farming.
B) John Deere's steel plow.
C) the invention of threshers.
D) the numbers of freed slaves eager for wage-earning work.
41. To help facilitate the increase in U.S. agricultural productivity in the 1840s and 1850s, the
federal government
A) outlawed land speculation.
B) gave away free land to anyone who would cultivate it.
C) prosecuted land squatters.
D) sold the land for as little as $1.25 an acre.
42. Which region led the nation in manufacturing?
A) New England
B) The Mid-Atlantic
C) The Upper South
D) The Lower South
43. Which statement describes the economic status of Americans by 1860?
A) Adult white men had an average wealth of $10,000.
B) Most Americans owned no land.
C) About half of free blacks owned land.
D) Free labor had freed most people from wage labor.
44. Within ten years of arriving at the territory around the Great Salt Lake, the Mormon
community
A) abolished polygamy.
B) was dislodged by an invasion of U.S. troops.
C) developed an efficient irrigation system.
D) almost perished due to extreme hunger.
45. Why were Mexico's northern borderlands vulnerable to American expansionists?
A) The borderlands were sparsely populated.
B) Northern Mexico had a strong, wealthy economy.
C) Northern Mexico was dominated by Protestants.
D) Native Americans secretly welcomed American invaders.
46. In the 1820s, Americans were beginning to trickle into thinly populated California; in an
effort to increase Mexican migration to that area, the Mexican government
A) posted guards along the California border.
B) paid local Indians to discourage American settlers.
C) built forts to stop further American squatting.
D) granted huge estates to new Mexican settlers.
47. Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?
A) Most members feared an attack by English profiteers.
B) Congressional leaders refused to allocate money for annexation.
C) Texas would come into the Union as a slave state.
D) Congress did not want to increase the number of Indians under its jurisdiction.
48. When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories,
the United States realized manifest destiny would require
A) further negotiations.
B) more money.
C) military force.
D) assistance from France.
49. Which group attracted scrutiny due to its members' dress, eating habits, and recreational use
of opium?
A) Californios
B) Chinese
C) Indians
D) Rancheros
50. How did the gold rush affect California Indians?
A) Many Indians found gold and made money.
B) They sold their land to American settlers.
C) Indians fought American settlers who tried to take their land.
D) Most died due to disease, starvation, and murder.
51. What did the abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet call for in 1843?
A) A freed-slave colony in Africa
B) Armed insurrection
C) Gradual emancipation
D) Passive resistance
52. By 1860, what percentage of the world's supply of cotton was produced in the southern
United States?
A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent
53. In 1860, blacks made up a majority of the population in
A) Virginia.
B) Georgia.
C) South Carolina.
D) Alabama.
54. How did the institution of slavery affect social relations in the South?
A) Poor whites identified more with free blacks than with planters.
B) People who owned no slaves generally disapproved of the planters' practices.
C) Planters treated whites who owned no slaves as far inferior to themselves.
D) Whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class.
55. Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying
its economy?
A) Southerners shunned the idea of capitalism.
B) Planters made good profits and feared economic change.
C) There were too few cities in the South to support industry.
D) The South's earlier experiment with textile manufacture had failed.
56. How did larger planters have the time to concentrate on marketing and finance while still
running a profitable plantation?
A) They left their wives in charge of plantation discipline.
B) Larger planters had so many slaves that they policed themselves.
C) They hired overseers to go to the fields with the slaves.
D) They hired white servants to work the fields with the slaves.
57. What did plantation owners mean when they described the master-slave relationship in
terms of “paternalism?”
A) Masters had no direct contact with their slaves.
B) A slave's labor and obedience were exchanged for the master's care and guidance.
C) The master's relationship with his slave mirrored his relationship with God.
D) The relationship between master and slave was like that of government and citizen.
58. What did southern men need in order to achieve high social standing and success in the
world of politics?
A) A reputation for using violence on their slaves
B) A strong education from a reputable school
C) Connections to northern industry
D) An honorable reputation
59. Most plantation mistresses kept their opinions on issues to themselves, but the diarist Mary
Boykin Chesnut echoed most women in railing against
A) miscegenation.
B) racial discrimination.
C) the institution of slavery.
D) the South's lack of public schools.
60. What was an advantage of being a house servant in the Old South?
A) House slaves had more free time for themselves.
B) House slaves enjoyed somewhat less physically demanding work.
C) House slaves were treated better by the mistress and master.
D) House slaves did not have to answer to the master or mistress as much as field workers.
61. Why were open slave revolts uncommon in the South?
A) Heavily armed whites outnumbered blacks two to one by 1860.
B) The majority of slaves believed slavery was better than being free and poor.
C) Slave religion discouraged open revolt.
D) Slaves lacked the organizational skills needed to stage a revolt.
62. Which statement characterizes the religion of southern plain folk?
A) Southern plain folk typically avoided religion.
B) Most Southerners embraced Catholicism.
C) Southern plain folk enjoyed religious revivals.
D) They attended traditional church services each week without fail.
63. The majority of poor white men in the South would agree on which statement?
A) The South should promote agriculture.
B) They system of slavery benefitted only the rich.
C) Women workers deserved the same rights as men.
D) Planter politicians should be overthrown.
64. How did powerful whites defend slavery from attacks by critics?
A) They triumphed in public debates.
B) They acknowledged the diversity of opinions.
C) They argued that all slaves would eventually gain freedom.
D) They used intimidation tactics to silence critics.
65. How did the Mexican-American War affect American politics?
A) The war allowed Congress to avoid the slavery issue for another decade.
B) It divided the nation based on the issue of slavery in the territories.
C) The war gave rise to a new political party, the Know-Nothings.
D) It ended the era of military heroes as presidential candidates.
66. Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influence Northerners' attitudes
toward slavery?
A) The book included scientific evidence of the effects of slavery on those enslaved.
B) The novel put forth a stirring moral indictment of slavery.
C) Stowe argued that the North was not responsible for the institution of slavery.
D) The book suggested that Northerners should pay for slaves to be sent to Africa.
67. Who did the Democrats nominate as their presidential candidate in the election of 1856?
A) James Buchanan
B) John C. Frémont
C) Stephen Douglas
D) Millard Fillmore
68. Early in the struggle to win Kansas, proslavery supporters
A) invaded Kansas to control the election through fraud and intimidation.
B) initiated the first orderly implementation of popular sovereignty.
C) saw that the cause was lost and retreated from the contest.
D) got no support from the presidential administration of Millard Fillmore.
69. What was the result of Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in
1856?
A) The incident settled a long-standing personal grievance between the two men.
B) It further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery.
C) Brooks's caning ended Sumner's long career in the Senate.
D) It resulted in Brooks becoming an outcast in his home state of South Carolina.
70. What did the Supreme Court rule in its 1857 Dred Scott decision?
A) Dred Scott was not a citizen of the United States.
B) The Missouri Compromise was constitutional.
C) Slaves were free once they visited northern states.
D) Congress had the power to prohibit slavery in the territories.
71. How did Stephen A. Douglas respond in 1857 when proslavery forces in Lecompton,
Kansas, drafted a constitution that many felt was fraudulent?
A) Douglas stood solidly behind southern Democrats in supporting the document.
B) He demanded that the votes be recounted before he would take a stand on that issue.
C) Douglas came out against the proslavery constitution.
D) He ignored the issue because he feared it would ruin his career.
72. What happened when Democrats met to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston,
South Carolina?
A) The Democrats agreed unanimously on Stephen A. Douglas.
B) The party divided into southern and northern factions.
C) The Democrats selected Jefferson Davis as their candidate.
D) The delegates agreed to reject popular sovereignty.
73. How did more moderate southern Democrats respond to the choice of John C. Breckenridge
as presidential nominee?
A) They joined Republicans in an effort to preserve the Union.
B) Moderate Democrats attempted to revive the Whig Party.
C) They backed Breckenridge once he offered support for a federal slave code.
D) Moderate Democrats organized the Constitutional Union Party.
74. How did the increasingly confident Republican Party prepare for the election of 1860?
A) It expanded its platform to address other issues.
B) It focused on the slavery issue with more intensity than ever.
C) It nominated John Bell for president.
D) The Republicans focused on gaining votes in the South.
75. What made Abraham Lincoln an attractive candidate for the Republican nomination?
A) Lincoln supported high tariffs.
B) He represented the crucial state of Illinois.
C) Lincoln's extreme racial views appealed to antislavery southerners.
D) He was good friends with powerful Democrats.
76. How did Northerners view the war once it began?
A) The war was a chance to punish the South after decades of political rivalry.
B) It provided an opportunity to integrate all slaves into American society.
C) The Civil War was a struggle to preserve the Union.
D) It was an ideal time to emancipate slaves in the Union-loyal border states.
77. Why did some states in the Upper South opt for secession from the Union?
A) They couldn't see themselves fighting fellow Southerners.
B) Senators from the Deep South convinced the leaders of Upper South states to secede.
C) Minor slave revolts threatened the region's institution of slavery.
D) The new Confederate government offered Upper South states tax advantages if they seceded.
78. How many of the fifteen slave states joined the Confederacy?
A) Eight
B) Eleven
C) Thirteen
D) Fifteen
79. Why did Southerners believe they had a real chance of winning the Civil War?
A) Southern men believed they were physically tougher than northern men.
B) The South had greater industrial might than the North.
C) The South had a larger population of white men who could enlist in the military.
D) The Southern military planned to enlist the massive slave population into its ranks.
80. Why did President Lincoln criticize General George B. McClellan early in the war?
A) McClellan had amassed a huge military force but refused to attack.
B) The general frequently requested to be reassigned.
C) McClellan took too many unnecessary risks on the battlefield.
D) Congress had appointed McClellan without Lincoln's approval.
81. What was the significance of the conflict between the Virginia and the Monitor?
A) The battle between the two ships ended the Union blockade.
B) It almost prompted the British to enter the war.
C) The conflict marked the birth of the ironclad warship.
D) It showed the superior industrial resources of the South.
82. Why did King Cotton diplomacy fail?
A) The Union destroyed too many southern plantations.
B) European nations turned to Egypt and India for cotton.
C) The Union refused to trade with Great Britain.
D) Southern slaves refused to work during the war.
83. Abraham Lincoln justified the Emancipation Proclamation as
A) a military necessity.
B) a personal moral statement.
C) a response to the lobbying of abolitionists.
D) a way to appease the entire northern population.
84. What was the capital city of the Confederacy in 1863?
A) Montgomery, Alabama
B) Atlanta, Georgia
C) Charleston, South Carolina
D) Richmond, Virginia
85. What did Southern clergymen think about the Civil War?
A) Clergymen argued the time had come for the South to free its slaves.
B) They supported the war effort but opposed slavery.
C) Clergymen believed God had blessed slavery and the new nation.
D) They believed the war was punishment for Southern greed.
86. What happened to the northern working class as a result of the North's increased industrial
production?
A) The working class enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.
B) Women were able to control the workplace as never before.
C) Inflation caused most workers' standard of living to fall.
D) Most workers earned faster promotions.
87. What prompted an Irish-led riot that took the lives of at least 105 people in New York City
in the summer of 1863?
A) The prejudices immigrant workers faced
B) The newly enacted draft law
C) Inadequate living conditions and high rents
D) Dangerous working conditions
88. What problem did President Lincoln face during the election of 1864?
A) The Democrats had an excellent chance of winning.
B) Much of the North's electoral process had shut down.
C) Most Union soldiers threatened to support the Democratic ticket.
D) Key Republicans had vowed to oppose his nomination in 1864.
89. What was the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?
A) The pardons permitted the rebels to return home with limited currency.
B) The pardons restored property (except slaves) to rebel soldiers.
C) The pardons kept ex-Confederate leaders from returning to political power.
D) The pardons forgave debts incurred during the war.
90. What did “Sherman land” and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands demonstrate to Southerners about Reconstruction?
A) The policies reassured rebels that they would soon regain their control over black laborers.
B) They showed the freedmen that they would have to work for their land.
C) The policies convinced ex-slaves that they would become independent landowners.
D) They reflected Congress's commitment to punish former slaveholders.
91. How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865?
A) Moderates championed black equality, while Radicals wanted to limit the rights of black
Americans.
B) Moderates supported states' rights and limited federal involvement in the economy, while
Radicals wanted to expand federal powers.
C) Moderates supported Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan, while Radicals wanted to write
their own.
D) Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated
lands to the freedmen, while Radicals did.
92. Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment?
A) Northern members of the Republican Party
B) Advocates of female suffrage
C) Frederick Douglass and other abolitionists
D) Ex-slaves in the South
93. What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment?
A) The Amendment effectively restructured political power in the South until 1920.
B) It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.
C) The Amendment immediately allowed women to vote in national elections.
D) It made the United States the first nation with universal adult suffrage.
94. How did the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment shape future Republican policy?
A) It allowed Republicans to ignore black rights in the future.
B) It encouraged Republicans to take on southern labor policies.
C) The Republican Party turned to land redistribution as its new central issue.
D) It ensured that the Republicans would become a primarily Southern political party.
95. Within months of the end of the Civil War, about one-third of black women in the South
A) moved to the North.
B) filed for divorce.
C) obtained a factory job.
D) abandoned field work.
96. Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor?
A) Sharecropping placed blacks on equal footing with whites.
B) Most black sharecroppers became very wealthy.
C) White landlords provided black sharecroppers with housing for life.
D) Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites.
97. What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien?
A) They made enough money to buy their own land.
B) Most sharecroppers paid back their debt within a year.
C) They ended up in a cycle of debt.
D) Most sharecroppers began growing food rather than cotton.
98. Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely
A) promoted the Republican Radicals' agenda for civil rights.
B) expanded the power of the federal government.
C) undermined reconstruction.
D) expanded voting rights.
99. By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866
A) had been mostly met.
B) had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.
C) had been expanded to include women's suffrage.
D) were still the nation's first priority.
100. What happened to the whites who killed eighty-one blacks during the Colfax massacre?
A) African Americans broke them out of jail and killed them.
B) The whites received lifetime prison sentences.
C) They went free because nobody would prosecute them.
D) The Supreme Court found them guilty on all charges.
Answer Key - HIST 1301 Final Exam
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