Download Determinants of Distribu_on

DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
FundamentalNiche:totalrangeofabio/cenvironmentalcondi/onsinwhicha
taxoncansurviveandreproduce
FromHutchinson(1957)then-dimensionalhypervolume(ormul/dimensional
space)thatdescribestherangeofabio/cenvironmentalcondi/onsinwhicha
taxoncansurviveandreproduce(eachabio/cfactorisasingledimension)
1
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
0
GrowthRate
Temperature
Temp(C)
0
GrowthRate
10 -10
20
Salinity(ppt)
10
-10
GrowthRate
NicheSpace
GrowthRa
te
GrowthRate
10
Salinity
2
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
Whendorangeboundariescoincidewiththefundamentalniche?
EasternPhoebe
Northernwintering
rangelimit
hOp://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/c/c7/
Eastern_Phoebe1.jpg
-4oCJanuaryminimum
isotherm
(fromRoot1988)
Northernrangelimitiscorrelatedwithmetaboliccostsofthermoregula/on
foratleast14species(inmul/plesofbasalmetabolicrate:MR=~2.5xBMR)
3
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
Whendorangeboundariescoincidewiththefundamentalniche?
Northernrangelimitiscorrelatedwithmetaboliccostsof
thermoregula/onforatleast14species(MR=~2.5xBMR) EasternPhoebe
Northernwintering
rangelimit
(fromRoot1988)
hOp://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/c/c7/
Eastern_Phoebe1.jpg
http://ebird.org/plone/ebird/news/patterns-from-ebird-eastern-phoebe
4
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
RealizedNiche:Asubsetofthefundamentalnichecomprisingtheactual
environmentalcondi/onsinwhichataxonsurvivesandreproducesin
nature,includingbio/cfactors(compe//on,preda/on,mutualism,etc).
Balanus:realizedniche~fundamentalniche
Chthamalus:constrainedbycompe//ve
interac/onstonarrowerrealizedniche
Howcouldwetestthisexperimentally?
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
RealizedNiche:Asubsetofthefundamentalnichecomprisingtheactual
environmentalcondi/onsinwhichataxonsurvivesandreproducesin
nature,includingbio/cfactors(compe//on,preda/on,mutualism,etc).
Anaturalexperiment...withbirds
SpeciesAandBarecloselyrelated~similarniche
CordilleraVilcabamba
MainAndes
InthemainAndes:
-bothspeciespresent
-rangesdonotoverlap
Terborgh&Weske1975,Ecology
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
RealizedNiche:Asubsetofthefundamentalnichecomprisingtheactual
environmentalcondi/onsinwhichataxonsurvivesandreproducesin
nature,includingbio/cfactors(compe//on,preda/on,mutualism,etc).
InarangeisolatedfromtheAndes:
-higheleva/onspeciesabsent
-loweleva/onspeciesexpands
rangeupward
CordilleraVilcabamba
MainAndes
CerrosdelSira
100kmfromAndes
Ecologicalrelease:expansionoftherealizednicheofaspecieswherefewcompe/torsexist
butanundiminishedrangeofresourcesandhabitatsispresent
Terborgh&Weske1975,Ecology
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
Importantcaveatstothenicheasthemaindeterminantofaspecies’range:
a)  Speciesmayoccupyunfavourableareas
b)  Speciesmaybeabsentinfavourableareas
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DeterminantsofDistribu/on
1)  TheNiche
Importantcaveatstothenicheasthemaindeterminantofaspecies’range:
a)  Speciesmayoccupyunfavourableareas
•  r=b+i–d–e
•  popula/onscanbeasource(birthrateexceedsdeathrate;b>d)
orsink(deathrateexceedsbirthrate;d>b)
•  sinkpopula/onsdependonimmigra/on(i)fromsourcepopula/ons
•  peripheralpopula/onsofaspeciesrangeareogensinkpopula/ons
b)  Speciesmaybeabsentinfavourableareas
•  duetogeographicbarriersorisola/on
c)Metapopula/onstructurewhensuitablenichespaceispatchy,
somepatchesmaybeoccupiedintermiOently
9
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
2)  Metapopula?onstructure
Metapopula?on:apopula/onconsis/ngofasetofsubpopula/onslinked
byacycleofalterna/ngcoloniza/onandex/nc/on(Levins1970)
metapopula/on
subpopula/ons
10
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
2)  Metapopula?onstructure
Habitat1(sourcepopula/on)
Representa/onofsourceandsinkhabitatsand
rela/vemagnitudeofthefourprocessesthat
b1>d1
determinegrowthandpersistenceofpopula/ons
“Excess”individualsinHabitat1disperse,resul/ng
e1>i1
inhigheremigra/onthanimmigra/on
Habitat2isabletopersistduetohigher
i2>e2
immigra/onthanemigra/on,despitelowerbirths
thandeaths
b2<d2
Metapopula/onsource/sinkdynamicsmorelikely
tooccurtowardtheperipheryofaspecies’range
Habitat2(sinkpopula/on)
(basedontheabundance-centerhypothesis)
Figfromch.4,Lomolinoetal.2006
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
2)  Metapopula?onstructure
ÅlandIslands,Finland Glanvillefri/llarybuOerfly
(Melitaeacinxia)
PhotographcourtesyofHannuAarnio.
~4000drymeadowsin2012
Red=occupied
Blue=unoccupied
Ojanen,S.Petal.2013EcologyandEvolu>on
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DeterminantsofDistribu/on
2)  Metapopula?onstructure
1993-1994
1994-1995
Indexofsynchrony
Glanvillefri/llaryontheÅlandIslandsbecamemoresynchronousover/me,
possiblyduetoincreasingfrequencyofextremeweatherevents:
2005-2006
Year
2006-2007
Reddown-poin/ngtriangles=decline;Greenup-poin/ngtriangles=increase
Sizeofthetriangle~magnitudeofpercapitachange
Ojanen,S.Petal.2013EcologyandEvolu>on
13
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
3)  Disturbance
Habitatdisturbancecancauseabruptrangelimits.
Countlessexamples,butoneinourresearchisthehighAndeantreeline:
Peruvianfarmersin
highlandcommuni/esset
firestomaintainfreshgrass
sproutsforcaOle
Anthropogenictreelineat
~3400m,upperlimitsof
forestspecies
High-eleva/onspeciesthat
moveupslopewithclimate
changehit“grassceiling”
ManuNa/onalPark,Peru(photosM.Chappell,Z.Peterson)
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DeterminantsofDistribu/on
3)  Disturbance
Disturbance-adaptedanimals?Urbanadapters?
AmericanCrow
(Corvusbrachyrhynchos)
CommonStarling
(Sturnusvulgaris)
15
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Directcompe//on–tes/ngspeciesreplacements
Monteverde,TilaránMountains,CostaRica1100-1800m
Wood-Wrens (Henicorhina)
Wood-Wrens (Henicorhina)
White-breasted
Wood-Wren
Gray-breasted
Wood-Wren
White-breasted
Wood-Wren
Gray-breasted
Wood-Wren
Nightingale-Thrushes
(Catharus)
Legend
Orange-billed
Nightingale-Thrush
Orange-billed
Nightingale-Thrush
Black-headed
Nightingale-Thrush
Black-headed
Nightingale-Thrush
Slaty-backed
Nightingale-Thrush
Slaty-backed
Nightingale-Thrush
16
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Targetspecies:Wood-Wrens
Gray-breasted
Wood-Wren
White-breasted
Wood-Wren
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Targetspecies:Nigh/ngale-Thrushes
Slaty-backed
Nigh/ngale-Thrush
Black-headed
Nigh/ngale-Thrush
Orange-billed
Nigh/ngale-Thrush
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Ourpreviousexampleofspeciesreplacementsandcompe//onwasa
“naturalexperiment”withobserva/onalevidenceofecologicalrelease.
Forbirdsthatdefendterritories
usingsong...
wecanuseterritorydefenseasa
behaviouralmetricofcompe//ve
interac/ons
...anddesignanexperiment
Doesinterspecificcompe//onreinforcerangeboundariesofspeciesalong
eleva/onalgradients?
Terborgh&Weske1975,Ecology
Jankowskietal.2010,Ecology
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Ourpreviousexampleofspeciesreplacementsandcompe//onwasa
“naturalexperiment”withobserva/onalevidenceofecologicalrelease.
Forbirdsthatdefendterritories
usingsong...
wecanuseterritorydefenseasa
behaviouralmetricofcompe//ve
interac/ons
...anddesignanexperiment
Doesinterspecificaggressionreinforcerangeboundariesofspeciesalong
eleva/onalgradients?
Terborgh&Weske1975,Ecology
Jankowskietal.2010,Ecology
Behavioralresponsesrecorded:
• Closestapproachtospeaker(meters)
• Latencytoapproachspeaker(seconds)
• Averagelengthofinter-songintervals
#@*!?
Behavioralresponsesrecorded:
• Closestapproachtospeaker(meters)
• Latencytoapproachspeaker(seconds)
• Averagelengthofinter-songintervals
#@*!?
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Ifspeciesareinterspecificallyaggressiveatcontactzones,
thissupportsthehypothesisofdirectcompe//on
Playbackprotocoltotestspeciesaggressiveresponses:
Trial1
Trial2
Observa/on
(Control)
Playback
(Congener/
Conspecific)
Observa/on
(Control)
Playback
(Congener/
Conspecific)
8min.obs
3min.song,
5min.obs
8min.obs
3min.song,
5min.obs
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
ClosestApproach(m)
Wood-Wrens
20
15
Gray-breasted
W hite-breasted
Songplayedtobird:
a
a
Control
Congener(otherspecies)
10
b
b
5
b
b
Conspecific(samespecies)
0
Gray-breasted
(s/mulus)
White-breasted
(response)
Graybreasted
White-breasted
Jankowskietal.2010,Ecology
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
Closest Approach to Speaker (m)
ClosestApproach(m)
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DirectCompe??on
Nigh/ngale-Thrushes
20
Slaty-backed
Black-headed
a
a
15
Songplayedtobird:
a
Control
b
10
c
Congener(otherspecies)
b
5
Conspecific(samespecies)
0
20
15
Black-headed
Orange-billed
a
a
b
Slatybacked
X
10
X
Black-headed
c
b
5
0
CNTR CNGN CNSP
b
CNTR CNGN CNSP
Orange-billed
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
4)  Bio?cInterac?ons:DiffuseCompe??on
Diffusecompe??on:thecombinedeffectofcompe//onwithmanyother
species–onespeciesisnega/velyaffectedbynumerousotherspeciesthat
collec/velycausesignificantdeple/onofsharedresources(MacArthur1972).
Addmorenestboxes(i.e.,cavi/es)morecavitynesterslessopencupnesters
Westernbluebird(Sialiamexicana)
Americanrobin(Turdusmigratorius)
(Bocketal.1992)
26
20
40
60
%NestDepredated
80
100
Nestpreda/on
Fortropicalbirds,nestpreda/onisa
majorsourceofmortality
InManu,Peru,wearegatheringdata
tounderstand:
1)hownestpreda/onchangeswith
eleva/on?
2)howdoesthenestpredator
communitychangewitheleva/on?
0
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
DailyNestPreda/onRate
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
350$600&
750$1100&
1250$1600&
Eleva/on(m)
2500$3000&
27
pearance did not decrease with elevation (linear regression,
t = 0.8, P = 0.445, R2 = 0.100). The highest incidence of
canary egg disappearance was at 1,650 m. I found no relationship between elevation and incidence of unknown
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
marks (linear regression, t = ¡0.4, P = 0.681, R2 = 0.030).
Burhans 2
by snakes
factors mu
lower-elev
DiVeren
predation
Meta-analysisandar/ficialneststudyshowlineardecrease
imposed b
innestpreda/onratewitheleva/on(CentralAmerica)
change alo
that at low
redate mo
nest crypsi
elevations
dominate,
ment in sit
This stu
standing o
tropical fo
studies, da
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
(Faaborg 2
Skutch'1985,'Boyle'2008'
Eleva/on(m)
multiple s
Fig. 3 Relationship between elevation and proportion of nests depreimpractica
Propor/onofnestsdepredated
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
40
60
80
100
%NestDepredated
DailyNestPreda/onRate
Howdoratesofnestpreda/on
changewitheleva/onin
ManuNa/onalPark,Peru?
0
20
Eleva/on(m)
350$600&
750$1100&
1250$1600&
2500$3000&
29
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
40
60
80
100
%NestDepredated
DailyNestPreda/onRate
Howdoratesofnestpreda/on
changewitheleva/onin
ManuNa/onalPark,Peru?
0
20
Eleva/on(m)
350$600&
750$1100&
1250$1600&
2500$3000&
30
20
40
60
80
100
Howdoesthenestpredator
communitychangewitheleva/on
inManuNa/onalPark,Peru?
0
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
%NestDepredated DailyNestPreda/onRate
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
350$600&
750$1100&
1250$1600&
Eleva/on(m)
2500$3000&
31
20
40
60
%NestDepredated
80
100
Catchingtheculprits...
0
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
DailyNestPreda/onRate
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
350$600&
750$1100&
1250$1600&
Eleva/on(m)
2500$3000&
32
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
Learninglotsaboutthenaturalhistoryof
tropicalbirds...includingwhoeatswhom
Cock-of-the-Rocknestlingandadult
(Rupicolaperuviana)
hOp://cdn-7.itsnature.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Cock-of-the-Rock-antbird.jpg
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
-0.02
1000
1000
1500
2000
2500
1500
2000
2500
Eleva.on&(meters)&
Eleva/on(m)
elevation
3000
3000
Figure&2.&Rela.onship&between&bird&species&turnover&and&
Daily&nest&preda.on&&
Changeindailynestpreda/onrates
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.45
0.02
0.55
Species&Turnover&
Daily&Preda.on&
0.35
turnover
Speciesturnoverishigh=manyspeciesinthecommunityhave
rangeboundariesinthesameplace
0.25
Speciesturnover
Species&turnover&(Simpson&Index)&
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
-0.02
1000
1000
1500
2000
2500
1500
2000
2500
Eleva.on&(meters)&
Eleva/on(m)
elevation
3000
3000
Figure&2.&Rela.onship&between&bird&species&turnover&and&
Daily&nest&preda.on&&
Changeindailynestpreda/onrates
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.45
0.02
0.55
Species&Turnover&
Daily&Preda.on&
0.35
turnover
Highestchangeinspeciescomposi/on(speciesturnover)
correspondswiththehighestchangeinratesofdailynestpreda/on
0.25
Speciesturnover
Species&turnover&(Simpson&Index)&
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
Browntreesnake(Boigairregularis)
SpreadofbrowntreesnakeonGuam
(arrows)andsubsequentdeclinesin
numbersofna/vebirdsacrossyears
Savidge1987Ecology
36
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
5)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Preda?on
Browntreesnake(Boigairregularis)
USGSTimelineoftheBrowntree
snaketravelacrossGuam
hOp://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/educa/on/bts/invasion/colonize.asp#dispersal
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
6)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Mutualism
Clark’snutcracker(Nucifragacolumbiana)andwhitebarkpine(Pinusalbicaulis)
Whitebark,limber,Colorado
pinyon,single-leafpinyon
andsouthwesternwhite
pinesdependonnutcrackers
forseeddispersal
Thisinterac/onhaschanged
thetrees’seeds,cones,and
evenoverallshapein
comparisonwithother
wind-dispersedpinespecies
hOp://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/clarks_nutcracker/lifehistory
38
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
6)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Mutualism
Indo-Pacificclownfish(Amphiprionclarkii)andtwoseaanemones
(Heterac>smaluandMacrodactyladoreensis)
Mutualismsareseldomperfectpredictorsofdistribu/on.
39
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
6)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Mutualism
Timingofclownfishradia/onwithinterac/ngseaanemonespeciesshownfor
eachclownfishspecies
40
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
6)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Mutualism
LeOersA-Frepresent
Indo-Pacificprovinces
26pairsoftropicalclownfish
occupy~10speciesofsea
anemones
Clownfishhaveamucus
layertoavoids/ngsfrom
anemones
Anemonesprovideshelter
andprotec/onfrom
predatorstoclownfish
41
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
6)  Bio?cInterac?ons:Mutualism
Radia/onofclownfishhastwogeographicalreplicates.Phylogenyoftheeast
Africanclade(GenusAmphiprion)andpiechartscolouredaccordingto
mutualis/cseaanemonespecies(withseaanemonespeciesshownbelow)
42
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
7)  HistoricalFactors
Sapsuckers
(Sphyrapicusspp.)
!
WoodWarblers
(Vermivoraspp.)
!
Vireos
(Vireospp.)
!
!
WoodWarblers
(Oporornisspp.)
SeveralspeciesofNA
birdshavegeographical
dividesintherockies
WoodWarblers
(Setophegaspp.)
!
Weir&Schluter2004
!
Sparrows
(Passerellaspp.)
millionyearsago
!
!
!
!
Pacific!
Interior!
Boreal!
Flycatchers
(Empidonaxspp.)
Chickadees
(Poecilespp.)
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
7)  HistoricalFactors
Severalareaswithhigh
concentra/onofspecieswith
secondarycontactasranges
trackedglacialretreat
Manyofthese“suturezones”
clusteraroundtheRockyMountains
ofBC
icecover!
1 - 4 ! refguia!
secondarycontact!
Cannings&Cannings2004
A-C!
DeterminantsofDistribu/on
mourning
winterwren
!
Birdspecieswith
contactzonesin
theBCrockies
!
pacificwren
townsend’s
!
macgillivray’s
!
!
myrtle
!
!
audubon’s
!
hermit
!
black-throatedgreen
Toewsetal.2011
!
black-fronted
goldman’s
!