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Historical GIS and Religion in China’s History An example The Problem • How can we assess religious activity in society in the past without data on the people who were involved in or selfidentified with particular religious practices (“believers”?) • Using religious sites as a proxy The Sources The Chinese gazetteer • Space – Nation – Province – Prefecture – County – Town •Time (for “local gazetteers”) Beginning in the 12th century for southern China, 15th-16th century for the north Stopped in 1949, resurrected in the 1980s in a new format Qing China ca. 1820, Provinces. East of the line: 90% of the population Qing China, ca. 1820 Only 6 sites in Jinhua Prefecture in the 1820 national gazetteer National Gazetteer of 1461, religious sites in Jinhua Prefecture Buddhist monasteries 16 Daoist temples 7 Literati shrines 5 Cult shrines 1 The source problem • National gazetteers favor – Officially recognized sites – Major sites – Even if consistent, do they reveal religious practice or state recognition/patronage? Prefectural and County Gazetteers 1265 1510 1085 1254 1540 1201 1473 1520 Jinhua Prefectural Gazetteer 1154, 1335, 1480, 1578, 1683 Dates of earliest known county gazetteers Gazetteers and Religious Sites Yiwu County, Township Map 1596 Yiwu County, Township Map 1596 Yiwu County, Township Map 1596 Yiwu County, Township Map 1596 Yiwu County, Township Map 1596 Prefectural Gazetteer 1480 • Distinguishes Buddhist, Daoist, and shrines (literati and cult) • Gives date of founding, building events, and name changes for many • Lists abandoned sites • 722 unique sites in 830 records type subtype Chinese term unique sites Buddhist yuan cloister 院 115 Buddhist jiaoyuan teaching cloister 教院 113 Buddhist jiaosi teaching monastery 教寺 150 Buddhist chansi meditation monastery 禪寺 53 Buddhist chanyuan meditation cloister 禪院 17 Buddhist an nunnery; family monastery 庵 60 Buddhist jiangsi/jiangyuan teaching monastery 講寺/講院 7 Buddhist jingtang sutra hall 經堂 4 Buddhist total Cult shrine miao/ci 廟/祠 Daoist Temple guan 觀 46 literati shrines ci 祠 20 578 120 Listed in 1480 without founding dates Founding Dates for Religious Sites Active in 1480 Ming dynasty to 1471 (103 years) Yuan dynasty (90 years) Period Song dynasty 9771276 (300 years) Huichang through end of Tang (72 years) prior to Huichang supression of 840s Ten Kingdoms period ( 69 years) prior to Sui unification of 589 0 20 40 60 80 100 Number of Foundings 120 140 160 foundings per year 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 prior to Sui unification of 589 prior to Huichang Ten Kingdoms Song dynasty Yuan dynasty Huichang through end of period ( 69 977-1276 (300 (90 years) supression of Tang (72 years) years) 840s years) Ming dynasty to 1471 (103 years) Place Dongyang Jinhua Lanxi Pujiang Tangxi Wuyi Yiwu Yongkang total sites area km 89 163 119 67 70 70 86 58 722 2199 1280 1048 1197 772 824 1092 1391 9803 area/sites 24.71 7.85 8.81 17.87 11.03 11.77 12.70 23.98 13.58 tax quota in tax units 1472 per site 26,977 303 23,013 36,191 12,976 12,346 12,915 21,034 19,055 141 304 194 176 185 245 329 164507.00 228 Place sites area km sites/area Dongyang 89 2199 0.04 Yongkang 58 1391 0.04 Pujiang 67 1197 0.06 Yiwu 86 1092 0.08 Wuyi 70 824 0.08 Tangxi 70 772 0.09 Lanxi 119 1048 0.11 Jinhua 163 1280 0.13 Distribution by county of religious sites active in 1480 Place site area km sites/area Dongyang 89 2199 0.04 Yongkang 58 1391 0.04 Pujiang 67 1197 0.06 Yiwu 86 1092 0.08 Wuyi 70 824 0.08 Tangxi 70 772 0.09 Lanxi 119 1048 0.11 Jinhua 163 1280 0.13 tax quota in 1472 tax units wealth per sq index/site km=wealth index 26,977 12 0.14 19,055 14 0.24 12,976 11 0.16 21,034 19 0.22 12,915 16 0.22 12,346 16 0.23 36,191 35 0.29 23,013 18 0.11 Where are the sites in the landscape? • The data problem • Gazetteers locate places relative to the county seat, e.g. Mingyin Teaching 明因教院 Cloister North from 30 li Lanxi (=10 (seat) miles) founded in 643 Congruence with roads and rivers Do counties claim sites in other counties? Literati shrines Cult shrines Distribution of Buddhist Sites founded 840-976 Distribution of Buddhist Sites founded 1276-1368 Distribution of Buddhist sites founded 977-1275 Distribution of Buddhist “An” (nunneries or family temples)