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Bellwork • What do you know about Egypt? Please write at least 4 things you know about Egypt. Be prepared to discuss this at the beginning of class. World History Section 3, Unit 2 Ancient Egypt Beginnings to the New Kingdom Objectives • Describe the geography of Egypt and be able to name the major river of the region. • Explain how Egypt formed into a united kingdom after the existence of the Upper and Lower Egyptian kingdoms. • Describe the Egyptian preparation for the afterlife and explain why they prepared for it. • Identify the reasons why the pyramids were built. • Be able to identify characteristics of Egyptian culture. • Explain why the Kushites removed Libyan presence in Egypt. Differences from Mesopotamia • As Mesopotamian civilization began to grow, Egypt was experiencing a similar growth to the West. • Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt was not a collection of separate city-states, but rather a unified kingdom that existed for almost 3000 years. Geography of Egypt • Egypt is found in the North Eastern part of the African Continent. • The Nile river, which is the longest river in the world at 4,100 miles, makes the area near it fertile, in sharp contrast to the arid desert nearby. • The Nile also experienced an annual flood in July. Question: What do you see in this picture? What do you think of what you see? Gift of the Nile • As you can see in the picture to the left, the Nile’s annual flood provide the parch landscape fertile soil in which the Ancient Egyptians would utilize to grow crops. • The annual flooding cycle provided the Ancient Egyptians an opportunity to grow throughout the year, provided they properly manage the resources. Environmental Challenges (cont) • Nile Valley flooding was consistent. • There were benefits and drawbacks to a consistent annual flood: – Farmers could better predict when to harvest. – Droughts were far less likely to occur. – However, if the farmers under-predicted how much water the flood would bring, it could destroy crops, seeds, and homes. Environmental Challenges (cont.) • The environment away from the river was parched and mostly unusable. • However, in part due to the large deserts (and cliffs), Egyptians were spared of constant warfare. Before we continue • Please write in your notes the following: – Lower Nile is North and Upper Nile is South Upper and Lower Egypt For most of Egyptian History, ancient Egyptians lived in what is referred to as “lower part of the Nile”- the last 750 miles of river that empties into the Mediterranean Sea. First Cataract The Egyptian domain extended as far as the “First Cataract”- an area in which their river boats could not pass due to jagged rocks and churning rapids. In this area of the “lower Nile” existed two different regions: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. Lower Egypt consisted of the Nile Delta: a fan-shaped marshy area of Egypt. Upper Egypt consisted of the thin Nile, which provided enough fertile soil for growth. Contact • Thanks to the Nile River, Upper and Lower Egypt were able to keep in close contact with one another and slowly they became unified. • By 3200 B.C., the Egyptians were coming in contact with the Mesopotamians. – In part due to this contact, the Egyptians may have borrowed concepts from the Mesopotamians, such as a writing system and city planning designs(irrigation). Egypt Unites • As discussed previously, by 3200 B.C., Egypt was still separate into Lower and Upper Egypt. Each region had its own rulers, religions, and other cultural features. • According to some Egyptian early texts, the leaders of each region wore two different types of crowns: – Lower Egypt wore a red crown – Upper Egypt wore a white crown Egypt Unites • Around 3100 B.C., a Upper Egyptian king named Menes united all of Egypt. • As a symbol of his United Kingdom, Menes supposedly created a double crown that was both white and red. Egypt Unites • As a sign of good faith- and a show of brilliance- Menes also established the Egyptian capital, Memphis, at the center of the Nile between both Upper and Lower Egypt. • However, we know very little of Menes and whether or not he existed is up to debate. The Old Kingdom • The Old Kingdom appeared two dynasties after Menes and lasted between 2660 B.C. to 2150 B.C. • It was one of the most dynamic periods of development in Egyptian history, in which Egyptian art and architecture took form. Pharaohs • In Egypt, the pharaoh was a god, and was just as powerful as the gods. • The pharaoh was the center of the religious, government, and society of Egypt. The Egyptian government was a theocracy (a ruler who was considered divine or godlike). • The people believed that the Pharaoh caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow. Culture • Much like many other societies, Egypt was broken down into different classes. • Unlike many other societies, Egyptians were able to gain higher status through marriage and success in their jobs. • Women often had same rights as men, much like in Mesopotamia. Women could own property, get a divorce, and- if the divorce was successful- gain 1/3 of the property. Achievements • Development of writing was one of the key growths in Egyptian society. • Early forms of the writing was very crude, but the system became more advanced over time, becoming the well known writing system called “hieroglyphs”. • In this system, pictures represented an idea or sound. For example, a picture of a bird meant “bird”. Achievements • As well as developing a writing system, the Egyptians also developed writing on papyrus or paper made of reed stalks that grew near the Nile. • Prior to this invention, Egyptians had written on stone or clay surfaces, similarly to the Mesopotamians before them. Achievements • Because of practical needs, Egyptians developed many new inventions including: • A number system to collect taxes. • An early form of geometry to survey and reset property boundaries after a flood. • Math allowed the Egyptians to have skillful engineers and architects, who would go on to build some of the largest buildings in the ancient world (we will discuss more later). • Egyptians created an early calendar to keep track of the floods, which was extremely accurate for the time, only being off by 6 hours to the modern calendar. • Finally, Egyptian medicine was very advanced. Egyptians had a strong understanding of the human body, and were able to treat broken bones, had medicines for wounds and fevers, and were able to effectively use surgical procedures. Mid-Lesson Review 1. What direction does the Nile river flow? 2. How did the Nile river affect the geography of Egypt? 3. Describe the geography of Egypt. 4. Who united Egypt? 5. What technologies did the ancient Egyptians create? Religion • Egyptians, much like the Mesopotamians, were polytheistic. Question: What is Polytheism? Religion • Egyptians believed in almost 2,000 different gods and goddesses • Egyptians believed in a afterlife in which they would be judged based on their deeds in life. • Osirus, the god the dead, was believed to weigh a persons heart. If it was light as a feather, they would experience eternal life. If it was not, their heart would be eaten. Religion • Egyptians mummified a body because they believed that the body was necessary in the after life. • The process of mummification was quite straightforward: (1) the brain was removed through the nose, (2) the bowels were removed, (3) the belly was filled with several perfumes and then sewn up, (4) the body was then steeped in a mineral salt that would dry the body, and then (5) the body was washed and then covered in bandages. Afterlife • They would also entomb the body with items the dead person would use, such as food, jewelry, clothing, etc. • Aside from the above, Egyptians buried their dead with scrolls referred to as the Book of the Dead. These scrolls contained prayers and spells that were meant to guide the dead through the afterlife– and were very expensive. The Pyramids The Old Kingdom was the great age of pyramid building. The Pyramids • Between their religiosity and engineering capabilities, the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom became infamous for building large pyramids for their royal dead. • The Pyramids served two purposes: – To ensure ordered existence (i.e. life and death). – Defeat death by preserving life into the next world. Building the Pyramids • Question: Who built the pyramids? The Pyramids • Unlike Biblical texts, most historians agree that slaves did not build the pyramids. • Most (if not all) pyramid builders would have been paid laborers, artisans, craftsmen, and engineers. The Pyramids • There are a wide array of beliefs on how the Pyramids were built, considering the Egyptians had yet to discover or use the wheel. • Many scholars believe in different techniques, and no one technique is fully agreed upon. The Pyramids • Egypt was rich in stone, granite, and limestone so the original pyramids would have been white and made of the above materials. • The Egyptians used thousands of these blocks, some of which weighed almost 15 tons, to build each pyramid in Giza. Fall of the Old Kingdom • At around 2180 B.C., the Old Kingdom began to decline as weak pharaohs took the throne. • Nearly 100 years later, the Middle Kingdom (2080-1640 B.C.) appeared and was a shortlived period of control that was marked with restoration of law and order and a new regained sense of a control in Egypt. Fall of the Middle Kingdom • . At around 1640, Asian nomads named “Hyksos” (hike-sas) invaded Egypt on chariots. • During the time the Hyksos ruled, war-like Egyptian rulers would come to power and regain control over their kingdom. • When Egypt rose again, the powerful “New Kingdom” would rise and become more prosperous and mighty than any Egyptian kingdom that came before it. Mid-Lesson Review • Write down 3 things you learned about the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom or about Egyptians in the last lesson. Driving out the Hyksos • Several of the rulers who would have a role in driving out the Hyksos includes: – Queen Ahhotep (ah-hoh-tep) – Kamose • Kamose and his descendents would eventually drive out the Hyksos out of Egypt into Palenstine. New Kingdom • After overthrowing the Hyksos, Egypt entered a new era of power- The New Kingdom. • The New Kingdom would bring a new era of wealth and power to Egypt that it has never experienced before. • The pharaohs of this period would prove to be fully committed to strengthen Egypt by creating a vast empire. Weapons & Symbols of Power • New pharaohs created a war-like kingdom: – Chariots and bronze weapons – Forming new army. – The Pharaohs began to don a blue crown designed like a battle helmet. Hatshepsut • Among the rulers of the New Kingdom was Hatshepsut. • Hatshepsut focused much of her energy towards trading, rather than waging war. Hatshepsut is generally regarded as one of the greatest pharaohs to ever live. Hatshepsut • During her time, she would send traders across the Red Sea to trade for valuables such as gold, ebony, baboons, and myrrh trees (which was the first time in recorded history that live trees were transplanted whole). • She vastly increased the wealth and power of Egypt. Hatshepsut (cont.) • Other than creating new wealth, Hatshepsut was also a prolific builder in Ancient Egypt and created the complex at Deir el-Bahri that would later become part of the Valley of the Kings (which we will discuss more later). Thutmose III • Unlike Hatshepsut, her stepson Thutmose proved to be far more war-like than his predecessor. In fact, in part due to his aggressiveness and eagerness to rule, it’s believed he may have murdered Hatshepsut. Thutmose III (cont.) • During his reign (which began around 1425 B.C.), Thutmose lead several successful invasions in Palestine and Syria. • He also lead his armies south to Nubia, which would be ruled by Egypt for several hundred years. • Never before had Egypt have such a large empire with so much wealth. Question • Who is Ramses II? Have you ever heard of Ramses before? If so, what have you heard? Ramses II • 100 years following Thutmose, Ramses II came to power. • Ramses is often regarded as the greatest pharaoh of the Egyptian empire and one of the last great pharaohs to rule. Ramses reign lasted from 1290-1224 B.C., making him 99 years old when he died. He is also reported to have had 100 children. Ramses II (cont.) • Ramses is well known to have reasserted Egyptian control in various regions. • Ramses is also one of the greatest builders of the New Kingdom. During his reign, he commissioned a temple to be carved into the red sandstone cliffs near the Nile River at Abu Simbel. Abu Simbel Ramses also ordered the various temples he had built to have enormous Statues of himself. Although the buildings he created are magnificent, they are often considered to be of less quality than those of the Old Kingdom. New Kingdom Builders • New Kingdom rulers sought more security in the afterlife and began to build their tombs within the cliffs that defended Egypt from invasion. • The Valley of the Kings is a network of Tombs built West of the Nile that housed the tombs of the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom. Declining Empire • After around 1200 B.C. (not long after Ramses death), the empire slowly began to fall apart in response to civilizations that had grown to challenge Egypt, who had greatly expanded into their territories. • The entire eastern Mediterranean, would suffer invasions from people known as “the People of the Sea” (who we have yet to identify). Fading Empire • With these invasions, Egypt would never be able to recover. • The invasions segmented Egypt, creating smaller territories out of the once large empire. Each territory would go and eventually create it’s own defenses. – Question: how effective would smaller defenses be against a larger invasion? Libyans • As Egypt began to fall, the Libyans would come and establish independent dynasties in Egypt. – The Libyans were neighbors to Egypt, who lived Westward of their kingdom. – The Libyans, who ruled from 950-730 B.C., erected cities and embraced Egyptian culture. Nubia • As previously discussed, Nubia was once controlled by the Egyptians for about 1000 years, between 2000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. • The Kingdom of Kush, which was the Nubian kingdom centered at Napata, would emerge as a regional power in the wake of Egypt's’ fall. Question Sphinx of King Taharqa of Nubia Sculpture of Amenemhat III of Egypt Do these two sculptures look similar? If so, why would that be? Nubia • When Egypt began to fall, the Nubians (despite having been ruled by Egyptians) viewed themselves as guardians of Egyptian culture. They felt it was their duty to protect Egyptian values and restore the Egyptian way of life. • To do this, the Nubians would have to conquer Egypt. Nubia • In 751 B.C., a Kushite King named Pianki led an army down (towards the Lower Egypt) the Nile and overthrew the Libyan Dynasty that had ruled in Egypt for over 200 years. • In his victory against the Libyans, Piankhi felt he had restored Egypt’s glory. Nubia • However, despite Piankhi’s reign and power, Egypt was lost again in 671 B.C. • Over the course of the hundreds of years following the fall of Egypt, they would be ruled by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabic peoples, which we will discuss in a later lesson. Legacy of Egypt • Ancient Egypt will always be remembered as a once powerful empire that dominated the Middle East/Upper Africa. • Their architectural abilities would prove to be inspiration for many cultures to follow, including the Romans. – The Romans are well known to have copied the concept of obelisks or large vertical spires. Legacy of Egypt • It has also inspired many cultures that would follow, through it’s use of myths and legends and unanswered questions about the whole of Egyptian culture. Closure • On a sticky note, write two questions that you are curious about when it comes to Ancient Egypt. • Post that sticky note to the white board and we as a class will discuss each. Video • Before we continue, lets watch the following video– “Ancient Egypt”. Review the Objectives • Describe the geography of Egypt and be able to name the major river of the region. • Explain how Egypt formed into a united kingdom after the existence of the Upper and Lower Egyptian kingdoms. • Describe the Egyptian preparation for the afterlife and explain why they prepared for it. • Identify the reasons why the pyramids were built. • Be able to identify characteristics of Egyptian culture. • Explain why the Kushites removed Libyan presence in Egypt. Next lesson • In the next lesson, we will be discussing Ancient India. Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Who built the Pyramids and what was the purpose of the Pyramids? What effect did the Nile have on the area around it? What was the Egyptian afterlife and how did Egyptians prepare their dead for it? Describe your answer. Who was Menes and what did he do? Why did the Nubians want to conquer Egypt? If Egypt had never become war-like, do you think they would have been targeted by outside groups and conquered? Why or why not? Explain your answer. How did Hatshepsut increase the power of Ancient Egypt? In what ways is Egypt similar to or different from Mesopotamia? Come up with at least two answers.