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ARTHROPODS, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES BY: SKYLAR MILLER, CORINNE MAMMARELLA, AND CASEY JACK Reptiles HOW ARE REPTILES DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ANIMALS? Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates who are distinguished from other animals because of having a dry scaly skin. Reptiles also lay eggs on land. REPTILE REPRODUCTION Reptiles are vertebrates that lay eggs on land. Their eggs are already fertilized once they come out of the female body. The egg has everything the embryo needs to survive and develop, including food, water, calcium for its bones, and an air chamber encased in a tough cover. Reptiles HOW REPTILES GET THEIR FOOD Some reptiles are burrowers. That means they ’re either blind or they have a protective scale over top of their eyes. Instead of eyesight, reptiles use sense of touch and smell to identify their prey. All reptiles have jaws, and that is what they use to catch their prey. Although some reptiles, like turtles, have no teeth, so they use their beaks to crush their food. Reptiles have excellent eyesight. They sense their prey through movement. Some reptiles, especially those that are vegetarians, use a combination of sense of smell and eyesight to detect and cap- reptiles HOW REPTILES HAVE ADAPTED TO LAND Reptiles have adapted to land because they have thick skin with scales that helps to keep in moisture. They also use their surroundings to control their temperature, otherwise, they can’t get enough blood flow. Reptiles have adapted by being born with fully developed lungs, and they have developed legs to get around on land. TYPES OF REPTILES ARTHROPODS Did you know arthropods are the largest group of animals in the world? About 75% of animal species are arthropods. They have four main characteristics in common: an exoskeleton, jointed limbs, specialized parts, and a well developed nervous system. The largest group of arthropods are insects, you know the freaky looking bugs. There are many more groups, like centipedes, millipedes, arachnids, and crustaceans. Mollusks are another type of arthropod and they move by a foot and eat through a mouthpart called a mandible. Even earth worms are arthropods and they help benefit the soil. They do this by breaking down plant and animal material in the soil. Then, they leave behind waste causing a casting. Finally, that casting gets the soil richer. Also, arthropods only have three parts: the head, thorax, and abdomen. ARTHRPODS An exoskeleton, also known as suit of armor, supports and helps move an arthropod. It helps move it by having a connection to the muscle and when the muscle contracts the exoskeleton moves causing the rest of the body to move. An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton. Jointed limbs make it a lot easier for the arthropods to move and bend easily at joints like legs, arms, and other parts of the body. Specialized parts of arthropods are claws, antennae, wings, pincers, and gills making it easier to move and catch food. In some arthropods, such as centipedes, they have segmented bodies. Nearly every segment is identical except for the head and tail segment. Arthropods Centipedes and millipedes have a few things in common like one pair of an antennae , a hard head, and one par of mandibles. They have one major difference is that centipedes have one pair of legs on each segment. Centipedes could range from 30354 legs on there entire body. While a millipede has two pairs of legs on each segment. The most legs recorded on a millipede was 752, that’s crazy! Another difference is that centipedes eat other animals while millipedes eat plants. Arthropods INSECTS Did you know the largest group of arthropods could all put together and would weigh more than every other animal combined! Yes, you must be thinking of insects by now. Did you know insects live in every inch of the earth except for the ocean? Even fresh water rivers and lakes you kind find insects ,but not the ocean. Insects have three parts: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Every insect also has six legs. On the head of an insect you will find a pair of antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and mandibles just like crustaceans. Insects go through a process called metamorphosis. Most insects go through complete metamorphosis involving four stages: the eggs, the larva, the pupa, and the adult which is a very complex change. Some insects like grasshoppers and cockroaches go through incomplete metamorphosis involving three stages: the egg, the nymph, and the adult which is less complicated. Arthropods ARACHNIDS Arachnids have more species than any other kind of arthropod. Arachnids have two main body parts: the abdomen and the cephalothorax which is both head and thorax. Most arachnids have four pairs of legs and a pair of simple eyes. Simple eyes can only detect light while compound eyes detect images, meaning the arachnids cant detect images just light. They don't have an antennae or mandibles, a mouthpart, instead they have a pair of claw like mouthparts called chelicerae. Some examples of arachnids are ticks, spiders, scorpions, and mites. Amphibians Description of Amphibians: Amphibians are vertebrate animals. They reproduce sexually and they lay eggs. Amphibians are different from other animals too. They can live in the land and they can go in the water. Amphibians have Lungs. Lungs are saclike organs that take in air and deliver it to blood. Amphibians come in many different colors too. Scientists divide amphibians into 3 groups– Frogs and Toads, Salamanders, and Caecilians. The word Amphibian means double life. Amphibians Where they live: Amphibians are organisms that live part of their life on land and part of their life in the water. They lay their eggs in the water. Amphibians’ eggs do not have a shell or membrane, so they need to adapt to a wet environment. The embryos develop a wet environment. They have lungs and legs which help them live on land too. Some amphibians have no lungs, so they get their oxygen through their spring. Amphibians have thin skin, which helps them absorb water instead of drinking it. They also can lose water through their skin, and get dehydrated. This is how amphibians adapted to living their life on both water and on land. Amphibians Surviving in the wild: Amphibians have brightly colored skin which makes other animals stay away. Bright colors are a detector of poison that is in their glands. Some amphibians (such as the poison arrow frog) have some of the most deadly toxins on earth. For food, amphibians are consumers and consist of carnivores (such as frogs), and Herbivores (such as iguanas). They mostly eat flies and small insects. They also eat algae, plants, or even small animals. Amphibians have many predators. Adult amphibian predators include snakes, birds, and mammals. Birds, Fish, Snakes, and small aquatic animals feed on amphibian larvae. Caecilians can also hide in small burrows. Amphibians Reproduction: Amphibians reproduce in a cycle. They usually mate on wet, rainy days. The eggs are made of a jelly like covering and are normally left unguarded. First, in a frog, The eggs are laid, and become a tadpoles. Tadpoles are immature frog or toad that mist live in the water. Next, the tadpole begins to feed and grow legs. It also loses its gills and grows lungs. Then, the tail and gills disappear, and the lungs become functional. Finally, it becomes an adult frog. Metamorphosis is the change from an immature frog to an adult frog. Amphibians Salamanders: There are 500 species of known salamanders. They live under things, such as stones or logs, in the woods. Salamanders are found in North America. They do not develop as tadpoles. They lose gills and develop lungs though. Some even live their entire life in the water. They range from a few centimeters, to 1.5 meters long. Amphibians Caecilians: These amphibians are not that popular. Nearly 160 species of Caecilians were discovered. They live in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and South America. They look like earthworms or snakes. Caecilians have thin, moist skin. They do not have legs. Caecilians have bony scales too. Amphibians Frogs and Toads: Frogs and toads make up about 90% of amphibian population. Frogs and toads are also very similar. Except for cold places, they live all over the world, including deserts, rainforests, and our climate. They are adapted to life on land. Frogs and toads have highly skilled vocal cords for calling, and ears for receiving calls. Long, sticky tongues are needed for capturing food. Singing Frogs are a big part of Frogs and Toads. All Vocabulary Invertebrate– animals without a backbone. Gut– a pouch lined with cells that release chemicals that break down food into smaller particles. Coelom– the body captivity that surrounds the gut. Ganglion– a concentrated mass of nerve cells. Incomplete Metamorphosis– the life cycle of certain insects that include three stages; the egg, the nymph, and the adult. Simple eye– an eye that has a single lends. Antenna– a feeler that senses touch, taste, or smell. Compound Eye– an eye that is made of many identical light sensitive units. Complete Metamorphosis-most insects go through a complex change in their life which includes four stages; the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the adult. Tadpole– an immature frog or toad that must live in water. Vocal sac-a thin-walled sac of skin Lung– a saclike organ that takes oxygen from the air to the blood. Vertebrate– animals with a backbone. All Vocabulary Metamorphosis-a phase in the life cycle of animals during a rapid change from immature to an adult. Allantois– stores the embryo’s waste and passes oxygen to the embryo through pores in the shell. Cartilage-tough material that’s very flexible. Endotherm– animals that have a stable body temperature. Ectotherm–animals that needs sources of heat outside of it. Amniotic sac- filled with fluid that surrounds and protects the embryo. Ecological indicator-a name for amphibians that have changed due to the ecosystem. Albumen– provides water and protein to the embryo. Amphibians Links: CLICK HERE for a game on amphibians’ reproduction. CLICK HERE for fun facts about amphibians. CLICK HERE to see why amphibians are environmental indicators. REPTILES To learn more about reptiles visit these websites and fun games! Fun Facts about Reptiles Videos on Reptiles Pictures and facts about Reptiles Arthropods Links: CLICK HERE for a sight on arthropods. CLICK HERE for fun facts about arthropods. THANK YOU!!!